Polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant fiber development and methods of using same

ABSTRACT

Isolated polynucleotides are provided. Each of the isolated polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NOs:130-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating cotton fiber development. Also provided are methods of using such polynucleotides for improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant, as well as methods of using such polynucleotides for producing plants having increased biomass/vigor/yield.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/448,359 filed on Jun. 18, 2009, which is a National Phase of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/IL2007/001590 having International filing date of Dec. 20, 2007, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/875,804 filed on Dec. 20, 2006. The contents of the above applications are all incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant-fiber development and methods of using same.

Cotton and cotton by-products provide raw materials that are used to produce a wealth of consumer-based products in addition to textiles including cotton foodstuffs, livestock feed, fertilizer and paper. The production, marketing, consumption and trade of cotton-based products generate an excess of $100 billion annually in the U.S. alone, making cotton the number one value-added crop. In spite of the growth of synthetic fibers in the last 50 years, cotton still accounts for approximately 50% of the world's textile fiber. Even though 90% of cotton's value as a crop resides in the fiber (lint), yield and fiber quality has declined, especially over the last decade. This decline has been attributed to general erosion in genetic diversity of cotton varieties, and an increased vulnerability of the crop to environmental conditions.

Cotton fibers can be obtained from many varieties of cotton with a range of characteristics for various applications. Cotton fibers may be characterized according to a variety of properties, some of which are considered highly desirable within the textile industry for the production of increasingly high quality products and optimal exploitation of modern spinning technologies. Commercially desirable properties include length, length uniformity, fineness, maturity ratio, decreased fuzz fiber production, micronaire, bundle strength, and single fiber strength. Much effort has been put into the improvement of the characteristics of cotton fibers mainly focusing on fiber length and fiber fineness. In particular, there is a great demand for cotton fibers of specific lengths.

Several approaches can be used to improve the characteristics or yield of cotton fibers. Variety improvement of cultivated cotton plants has been performed by cross breeding. However, breeding is relatively slow and inefficient, and the degree of variability which can be achieved is limited to the existing genetic diversity. In addition, plants can be treated with hormones such as auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene or brassinolide [see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,110]. However, no measurable effect of the hormones has been documented, making practical use of these hormones on a large scale highly unlikely. Alternatively, variety improvement can be achieved by genetic engineering. In recent years, a remarkable progress has been made in plant genetic engineering with the successful variety improvement of commercially important crop plants such as cotton, soybean, corn, and canola. The broad acceptance of genetically engineered cotton in the leading producing countries make it an attractive candidate for genetic engineering for improvement of fiber yield and/or quality. For example, introducing a gene coding for an insecticidal protein toxin produced Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) into a cotton plant has improved insect resistance. In addition, cotton plants with improved herbicide (Glyphosate) resistance have been genetically engineered by the introduction of a gene coding for 5-enol-pyruvil-shikimic acid 3-phosphate synthetase.

A cotton fiber is composed of a single cell that has differentiated from an epidermal cell of the seed coat, developing through four chronological stages, i.e., initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall thickening and maturation stages. The elongation of a cotton fiber commences in the epidermal cell of the ovule immediately following flowering, after which the cotton fiber rapidly elongates for approximately 21 days. Fiber elongation is then terminated, and a secondary cell wall is formed and grows through maturation to become a mature cotton fiber.

Little is known about the genetic control of cotton fiber initiation and elongation. Since both cotton fibers and Arabidopsis trichomes are developed from single epidermal cells it was suggested that they both share similar genetic regulation (Reviewed at Wagner G. J. et. al. 2004). In Arabidopsis, a large number of studies have revealed extensive information on the genetic mechanisms regulating trichome initiation and elongation. Several studies demonstrated the similarities between trichome and fiber by showing that cotton fiber specific promoters confer trichome specific expression in arabidopsis and tobacco plants (Kim and Triplett, 2001; Hsu et. al. 1999; Liu et. al. 2000, Wang et al. 2004). Most of the research that studies fiber development uses arabidopsis trichome as a model system to identify cotton genes in a small scale manner (Kim and Triplett, 2001; Wang et al. 2004).

Several candidate genes associated with the elongation and formation of cotton fibers have been identified. For example, five genes from cotton plants which are specifically expressed at the cotton fiber elongation stage were identified by differential screening and display methods [U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,100 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,713, 6,225,536 and 6,166,294].

WO0245485 describes methods and means to modulate fiber quality in fiber-producing plants, such as cotton, by modulating sucrose synthase (a sugar important for cell wall synthesis) activity and/or expression in such plants.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588 and WO0117333 provide methods of increasing the quality of cotton fiber (e.g., strength, length, fiber maturity ratio, immature fiber content, fiber uniformity or micronaire) by transforming a cotton plant with a DNA encoding sucrose phosphate synthase.

WO9508914 discloses a fiber producing plant comprising in its genome a heterologous genetic construct which includes a fiber-specific promoter and a coding sequence encoding a plant peroxidase, such as a cotton peroxidase.

WO9626639 provides a method utilizing an ovary specific promoter sequence to express plant growth modifying hormones in cotton ovule tissue. The method permits the modification of the characteristics of boll set in cotton plants and provides a mechanism for altering fiber quality characteristics such as fiber dimension and strength.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,718, U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,882, U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,708 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,070 disclose a method of genetically engineering a fiber-producing plant and the identification of cDNA clones useful for identifying fiber genes in cotton.

U.S. patent applications 2002049999 and 2003074697 disclose cotton plants of the genus Gossypium expressing endoxyloglucan transferase, catalase or peroxidase with improved cotton fiber characteristics.

WO 01/40250 provides a method of improving cotton fiber quality by modulating transcription factor gene expression.

WO 96/40924 provides novel DNA constructs which may be used as molecular probes or alternatively inserted into a plant host to modify transcription of a DNA sequence-of-interest during various stages of cotton fiber development.

EP0834566 discloses a gene which controls the fiber formation mechanism in a cotton plant.

Validation of genes which improve cotton fiber yield and quality in vivo requires a reliable model system for cotton fiber development. Models in other plant platforms, such as trichome cells and root hairs, are widely accepted for cotton fiber development. However measuring changes in growth rate, cell length and thickness is not easy because of the small size, difficult access to and lack of uniformity in sizes. The present inventors have analyzed tomato seed hairs for their possible use as a model tissue for cotton fiber development (WO2005/121364 which is incorporated herein by reference) and demonstrated a high correlation between tomato seed hair and cotton fiber.

The generation of stably transformed transgenic plants to assess gene function is a lengthy manipulative process. As an alternative, foreign gene expression in plants is often performed using transient transformation of cells or tissues. Agrobacterium mediated transient gene expression (agroinfiltration) in plant leaves has become the favorite choice in many gene functional analyses (Kapila et al., 1997; Yang et al., 2000; Goodin et al., 2002). There are existing protocols for transient gene expression in tissue-culture grown cotton fibers [such as Kim H J, et al., 2001]. Orzaez D., et al. 2006, developed an agroinfiltration-based system (agroinjection), which allows transient expression of foreign genes directly in tomato fruit tissues.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operably attached thereto.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic cell exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant comprising the isolated polynucleotide.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a biomass of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a vigor of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a yield of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a tolerance of a plant to abiotic stress, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the tolerance of the plant to abiotic stress.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a biomass of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a vigor of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a yield of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of producing cotton fibers, the method comprising: (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide; and (b) harvesting the fibers of the transgenic cotton plant, thereby producing the cotton fibers.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct system comprising: (i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a plant, comprising administering to the plant the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system, thereby expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a cotton plant, comprising injecting to a cotton ball of the cotton plant a nucleic acid construct which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide-of-interest, there by expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the cotton plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a cell comprising the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide is as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is shorter than 1800 bp.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber comprises a cotton fiber.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid construct further comprises at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to the isolated polynucleotide.

According to some embodiments of the invention, expressing is effected at a root tip of the plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the quality of the fiber producing plant comprises at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of fiber length, fiber strength, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio, uniformity and micronaire.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber producing plant is selected from the group consisting of cotton, silk cotton tree, desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, ramie, kenaf, hemp, roselle, jute, sisal abaca and flax.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber development comprises fiber formation.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber development comprises fiber elongation.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the plant is a cotton plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention, administering is effected by injecting the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system to a cotton ball of the cotton plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid construct is comprised in agrobacteria.

According to some embodiments of the invention, expressing is effected in an ovule cell of the cotton plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the polypeptide-of-interest regulates fiber development.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the pGI binary plasmid used for expressing the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention under the control of the 35S promoter. RB—T-DNA right border; LB—T-DNA left border; H—HindIII restriction enzyme; X—XbaI restriction enzyme; B—BamHI restriction enzyme; S—Sail restriction enzyme; Sm—SmaI restriction enzyme; R-I—EcoRI restriction enzyme; Sc—SacI/SstI/Ecl136II; (numbers)—Length in base-pairs; NOS pro=nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II=neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter=nopaline synthase terminator; Poly-A signal (polyadenylation signal); GUSintron—the GUS reporter gene (coding sequence and intron) The isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention were cloned into the vector while replacing the GUSintron reporter gene.

FIGS. 2a-d are bar graph depicting the expression profile of selected fiber development genes at various developmental stages measured in days post anthesis (DPA) and tissues. FIG. 2a —CT4 (SEQ ID NO:842); FIG. 2b —CT74 (SEQ ID NO:843); FIG. 2c —CT11 (SEQ ID NO:844); FIG. 2d —CT9 (SEQ ID NO:857). The developmental stages and tissues were as follows: (a) −2 DPA; (b) 0-1 DPA; (c) 2-3 DPA; (d) 4-5 DPA; (e) 6-8 DPA; (f) 9-11 DPA; (g) 12-14 DPA; (h) 15-17 DPA; (i) 18-20 DPA; (j) young leaves: (k) young stems; (l) young roots; (m) leaves; (n) stems; (o) sepals; (p) petals; (q) stamen (G. hirsutum var. Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA are presented in all examined tissues. The y-axis represents the expression level normalized against three different housekeeping genes;

FIGS. 3a-f are photomicrographs depicting fiber-specific promoter evaluation in Arabidopsis. Expression of GUS in leafs (FIGS. 3a-c ) and roots (FIGS. 3d-f ) under regulation of 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841) (FIGS. 3a and d ), CT4 promoter (SEQ ID NO:848) (FIGS. 3b and e ) and CT74 promoter (SEQ ID NO:851) (FIGS. 3c and f ). Note the high staining intensity (corresponding to high expression level) of GUS in the leafs of Arabidopsis plants under the CT4 (FIG. 3b ) or the CT74 (FIG. 3c ) promoters;

FIGS. 4a-c are photomicrographs depicting promoter detection in cotton balls using a specific embodiment of the transient assay described herein, Agroinjection of GUS under regulation of CT2 or 35S promoters. FIG. 4a -CT2::GUS at 3 DPA; FIG. 4 b—35S::GUS at 3DPA; FIG. 4 c—35S::GUS at 8 DPA;

FIGS. 5a-c are photomicrographs depicting overexpression of CT20 and expansin in cis to GFP reporter gene by transient transfection of cotton balls at 4 DPA development fibers. For control, the agroinjection of CT2::GFP was used; FIG. 5a —CT2::GFP (control); FIG. 5b —CT2::GFP+35S::CT20 (by transient transfection of the binary vector depicted in FIG. 7); FIG. 5c -CT2::GFP+35S::Expansin;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration depicting an exemplary binary vector of the invention [designated pGI(CT2 promoter)+CT82(35S promoter)], in which the CT82 ORF (SEQ ID NO:890) is under the transcriptional control of the constitutive 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841) and the GUSIntron (SEQ ID NO:872) is under the transcriptional control of the CT2 promoter (SEQ ID NO:873). NOS pro=nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II=neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter=nopaline synthase terminator;

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration depicting an exemplary binary vector of the invention [designated pCT20+GFP(CT2prom)], in which the GFP open reading frame (ORF) (SEQ ID NO:871) is under the transcriptional control of the CT2 promoter (SEQ ID NO:873) and the CT200RF (SEQ ID NO:881) is under the transcriptional control of the constitutive 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841). NOS pro=nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II=neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter=nopaline synthase terminator;

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant-fiber development and methods of using same for improving fiber quality and/or yield/biomass/vigor of a plant, and in an exemplary embodiment a fiber-producing plant.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

While reducing the invention to practice, the present inventors have identified polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded thereby which are involved in fiber development and which can be used to increase fiber quality and/or yield and plant biomass.

Thus, as described in the Examples section which follows, the present inventors have devised a novel computational approach combined with fiber related expression profile data generated using cotton oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative RT-PCR to identify genes which play a role in fiber development. Genes which are expressed during fiber initiation and elongation, in elongated tissues such as root tips, xylem and/or under etiolating conditions such as abiotic stress (e.g., drought) were identified (Example 1 of the Examples section which follows) and their expression profile was determined in a variety of cotton plants at several fiber developmental stages (Examples 2, 3 and 4 of the Example section which follows). Genes in which the expression profile correlated with fiber development were selected (polynucleotides SEQ ID NOs:1-129; polypeptides SEQ ID NOs:130-258; Table 7, Example 4 of the Examples section which follows), as well as homologous polypeptides (SEQ ID NOs:536-791) from other plant species (Table 8, Example 4 of the Examples section which follows). As is further described in Examples 5, 6 and 7 of the Examples section which follows, exogenous expression of binary nucleic acid vectors harboring selected fiber development genes (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1-17, 22 and 37) under the transcriptional control of a constitutive promoter (Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter) in tomato plants resulted in an overall effect on the length of tomato seed hair. In addition, promoter sequences of genes involved in fiber development were isolated (SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854; Example 8 of the Examples section which follows), cloned in binary vectors upstream of a reported gene (GUS) (Example 9 of the Examples section) and exogenously expressed in tomato plants (Example 10 of the Examples section). These expression studies demonstrated the identification of promoter sequences which are active during initiation (CT4 promoter; SEQ ID NO:848) or elongation (CT9 and CT74 promoters; SEQ ID NOs:857 and 851, respectively) of fiber development (Example 10 of the Examples section). Altogether, these results demonstrate that the isolated polynucleotides (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1-129 and 259-535) and polypeptides (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:130-258 and 536-791) of the invention, as well as the isolated fiber development promoters (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854) can be used to improve fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant and increase the biomass/vigor/yield as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic stress of plants altogether.

Thus, according to one aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development.

As used herein the phrase “fiber producing plant” refers to plants that share the common feature of having an elongated shape and abundant cellulose in thick cell walls, typically termed as secondary walls. Such walls may or may not be lignified, and the protoplast of such cells may or may be viable at maturity. Such fibers have many industrial uses, for example in lumber and manufactured wood products, paper, textiles, sacking and boxing material, cordage, brushes and brooms, filling and stuffing, caulking, reinforcement of other materials, and manufacture of cellulose derivatives.

The term “fiber” is usually inclusive of thick-walled conducting cells such as vessels and tracheids and to fibrillar aggregates of many individual fiber cells. Hence, the term “fiber” refers to (a) thick-walled conducting and non-conducting cells of the xylem; (b) fibers of extraxylary origin, including those from phloem, bark, ground tissue, and epidermis; and (c) fibers from stems, leaves, roots, seeds, and flowers or inflorescences (such as those of Sorghum vulgare used in the manufacture of brushes and brooms).

Example of fiber producing plants, include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops such as cotton, silk cotton tree (Kapok, Ceiba pentandra), desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, kenaf, roselle, jute, sisal abaca, flax, corn, sugar cane, hemp, ramie, kapok, coir, bamboo, spanish moss and Agave spp. (e.g. sisal).

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention the fiber producing plant is cotton.

As used herein the term “cotton” refers to a wild-type, a cultivated variety (e.g., hybrid) or a transgenic cotton (Gossypium) plant.

The phrase “cotton fiber development” refers to the development of the hair of the cotton seed.

As used herein the term “development” when used in context of fibers (e.g., cotton fibers) refers to initiation of the fiber (formation of fiber) and/or elongation thereof, as well as to the fiber secondary cell wall thickening and maturation.

Thus, the invention encompasses polynucleotides identified using the present methodology and their encoded polypeptide as well as polynucleotides encoding functional equivalents of the polypeptides identified herein (i.e., polypeptides which are capable of regulating fiber development, as can be determined according to the assays described in the Examples section which follows). Such functional equivalents can be at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, e.g., 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.

Homology of an amino acid sequence (e.g., percent homology) can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastP software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.

Polynucleotides encoding the functional equivalents can be at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, e.g., 100% identical or homologous to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.

Identity of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., percent homology) can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastN software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.

As used herein the phrase “an isolated polynucleotide” refers to a single or double stranded nucleic acid sequences which is isolated and provided in the form of an RNA sequence, a complementary polynucleotide sequence (cDNA), a genomic polynucleotide sequence and/or a composite polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a combination of the above).

As used herein the phrase “complementary polynucleotide sequence” refers to a sequence, which results from reverse transcription of messenger RNA using a reverse transcriptase or any other RNA dependent DNA polymerase. Such a sequence can be subsequently amplified in vivo or in vitro using a DNA dependent DNA polymerase.

As used herein the phrase “genomic polynucleotide sequence” refers to a sequence derived (isolated) from a chromosome and thus it represents a contiguous portion of a chromosome.

As used herein the phrase “composite polynucleotide sequence” refers to a sequence, which is at least partially complementary and at least partially genomic. A composite sequence can include some exonal sequences required to encode the polypeptide of the invention, as well as some intronic sequences interposing therebetween. The intronic sequences can be of any source, including of other genes, and typically will include conserved splicing signal sequences. Such intronic sequences may further include cis acting expression regulatory elements.

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535.

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535.

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the amino acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258, 536-790 or 791.

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the polypeptide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258, 536-790 or 791.

The isolated polynucleotides of this aspect of the invention can be also qualified using a hybridization assay by incubating the isolated polynucleotides described above in the presence of an oligonucleotide probe or primer under moderate to stringent hybridization conditions.

Moderate to stringent hybridization conditions are characterized by a hybridization solution such as containing 10% dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS and 5×10⁶ cpm ³²P labeled probe, at 65° C., with a final wash solution of 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS and final wash at 65° C. and whereas moderate hybridization is effected using a hybridization solution containing 10% dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS and 5×10⁶ cpm ³²P labeled probe, at 65° C., with a final wash solution of 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS and final wash at 50° C.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptides of the invention may be optimized for plant expression. Examples of such sequence modifications include, but are not limited to, an altered G/C content to more closely approach that typically found in the plant species of interest, and the removal of codons atypically found in the plant species commonly referred to as codon optimization.

The phrase “codon optimization” refers to the selection of appropriate DNA nucleotides for use within a structural gene or fragment thereof that approaches codon usage within the plant of interest. Therefore, an optimized gene or nucleic acid sequence refers to a gene in which the nucleotide sequence of a native or naturally occurring gene has been modified in order to utilize statistically-preferred or statistically-favored codons within the plant. The nucleotide sequence typically is examined at the DNA level and the coding region optimized for expression in the plant species determined using any suitable procedure, for example as described in Sardana et al. (1996, Plant Cell Reports 15:677-681). In this method, the standard deviation of codon usage, a measure of codon usage bias, may be calculated by first finding the squared proportional deviation of usage of each codon of the native gene relative to that of highly expressed plant genes, followed by a calculation of the average squared deviation. The formula used is: 1 SDCU=n=1 N [(Xn−Yn)/Yn]2/N, where Xn refers to the frequency of usage of codon n in highly expressed plant genes, where Yn to the frequency of usage of codon n in the gene of interest and N refers to the total number of codons in the gene of interest. A table of codon usage from highly expressed genes of dicotyledonous plants is compiled using the data of Murray et al. (1989, Nuc Acids Res. 17:477-498).

One method of optimizing the nucleic acid sequence in accordance with the preferred codon usage for a particular plant cell type is based on the direct use, without performing any extra statistical calculations, of codon optimization tables such as those provided on-line at the Codon Usage Database through the NIAS (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences) DNA bank in Japan (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/). The Codon Usage Database contains codon usage tables for a number of different species, with each codon usage table having been statistically determined based on the data present in Genbank.

By using the above tables to determine the most preferred or most favored codons for each amino acid in a particular species (for example, rice), a naturally-occurring nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest can be codon optimized for that particular plant species. This is effected by replacing codons that may have a low statistical incidence in the particular species genome with corresponding codons, in regard to an amino acid, that are statistically more favored. However, one or more less-favored codons may be selected to delete existing restriction sites, to create new ones at potentially useful junctions (5′ and 3′ ends to add signal peptide or termination cassettes, internal sites that might be used to cut and splice segments together to produce a correct full-length sequence), or to eliminate nucleotide sequences that may negatively effect mRNA stability or expression.

The naturally-occurring encoding nucleotide sequence may already, in advance of any modification, contain a number of codons that correspond to a statistically-favored codon in a particular plant species. Therefore, codon optimization of the native nucleotide sequence may comprise determining which codons, within the native nucleotide sequence, are not statistically-favored with regards to a particular plant, and modifying these codons in accordance with a codon usage table of the particular plant to produce a codon optimized derivative. A modified nucleotide sequence may be fully or partially optimized for plant codon usage provided that the protein encoded by the modified nucleotide sequence is produced at a level higher than the protein encoded by the corresponding naturally occurring or native gene. Construction of synthetic genes by altering the codon usage is described in for example PCT Patent Application 93/07278.

Thus, the invention encompasses nucleic acid sequences described hereinabove; fragments thereof, sequences hybridizable therewith, sequences homologous thereto, sequences encoding similar polypeptides with different codon usage, altered sequences characterized by mutations, such as deletion, insertion or substitution of one or more nucleotides, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.

Since the polynucleotide sequences of the invention encode previously unidentified polypeptides, the invention also encompasses novel polypeptides or portions thereof, which are encoded by the isolated polynucleotides and respective nucleic acid fragments thereof described hereinabove. The amino acid sequences of these novel polypeptides are set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.

The invention also encompasses homologues of these polypeptides, such homologues can be at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polypeptide of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.

The invention also encompasses fragments of the above described polypeptides and polypeptides having mutations, such as deletions, insertions or substitutions of one or more amino acids, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.

As mentioned above and described in Examples 8, 9 and 10 of the Examples section which follows, the present inventors have isolated promoter sequences (SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854) of genes involved in cotton fiber development [CT4 (SEQ ID NO:842), CT9 (SEQ ID NO:843), CT11 (SEQ ID NO:844) and CT74 (SEQ ID NO:845)] and demonstrated their ability to direct an expression of a reporter gene in a plant cell.

Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.

As used herein the phrase “heterologous polynucleotide sequence” refers to a polynucleotide from a different species or from the same species but from a different gene locus as of the isolated polynucleotide sequence (e.g., the promoter sequence).

A heterologous polynucleotide sequence is “operably linked” to a regulatory sequence (e.g., the promoter sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854) if the regulatory sequence is capable of exerting a regulatory effect on the heterologous polynucleotide sequence linked thereto. Preferably, the regulatory sequence is positioned 1-500 bp upstream of the ATG codon of the heterologous polynucleotide sequence, although it will be appreciated that regulatory sequences can also exert their effect when positioned elsewhere with respect to the coding nucleic acid sequence (e.g., within an intron).

According to an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide sequence of this aspect of the invention (the promoter sequence) comprises less than about 1800 nucleic acids in length, e.g., less than about 1500 nucleic acids in length.

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 857, 848 or 854.

As mentioned hereinabove and described in FIGS. 3a-f , Table 12 and Example 10 of the Examples section which follows, the isolated promoter sequences of the invention were capable of directing an expression of a reporter gene (GUS) during fiber development.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide sequence (the promoter sequence) of the invention is capable of regulating expression of the heterologous polynucleotide sequence in an ovule epidermal cell.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the ovule epidermal cell comprises a plant fiber or a trichome.

The ability of polynucleotides of the invention and their products to regulate cotton fiber development can be determined directly on at least one structural parameter of a cotton fiber such as fiber length or fiber finesse, or fiber growth rate (further described hereinbelow). Alternatively, cotton fiber development can be determined indirectly by using plant model systems for cotton fiber development such as trichome cells and root hairs [see Examples 7, 10 and 11 of the Examples section which follows and Wagner. G. J. et. al. (2004)].

By analyzing expression profiles of the isolated polynucleotides of the invention and correlating between gene expression profile and fiber length (see Example 3 and 4 of the Examples section), the present inventors were able to determine the involvement of the biomolecule sequences (i.e., polynucleotides and polypeptides) of the invention in fiber initiation and/or elongation and plant biomass.

Thus, according to yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant. The method of this aspect of the invention is effected by exogenously expressing at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.

As used herein the phrase “fiber quality” refers to at least one fiber parameter which is agriculturally desired, or required in the fiber industry (further described herein below). Examples of such parameters, include but are not limited to, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber fitness, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio and uniformity (further described hereinbelow).

Cotton fiber (lint) quality is typically measured according to fiber length, strength and fineness. Accordingly, the lint quality is considered higher when the fiber is longer, stronger and finer.

As used herein the phrase “fiber yield” refers to the amount or quantity of fibers produced from the fiber producing plant.

As used herein the term “improving” refers to at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, change in fiber quality/yield as compared to a native plant (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention).

As used herein the phrase “exogenously expressing” refers to an expression of at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention from an exogenous polynucleotide sequence (i.e., a polynucleotide sequence not derived from the host cell) introduced to the host cell (a plant cell in this case).

The exogenous polynucleotide sequence of the invention is designed and constructed to express at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention (e.g., the portion capable of improving fiber yield/quality, increasing biomass). Accordingly, the exogenous polynucleotide sequence may be a DNA or RNA sequence encoding a polypeptide molecule, capable of improving fiber yield or quantity. Alternatively, the exogenous polynucleotide may be a cis-acting regulatory region (e.g., SEQ ID NO:851, 848, or 857) which may be introduced into the plant to increase expression of any polynucleotide which is involved in fiber development (e.g., sucrose phosphate synthase, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588; or any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences set forth by SEQ ID NOs:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535).

To express exogenous polynucleotides in plant cells, a polynucleotide sequence of the invention can be ligated into a nucleic acid construct suitable for plant cell expression. Such a nucleic acid construct includes at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to the isolated polynucleotide such as a promoter sequence for directing transcription of the polynucleotide sequence in the cell in a constitutive or inducible manner. The promoter may be homologous or heterologous to the transformed plant/cell.

Promoter sequences which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are epidermal cell promoters.

For example, promoter sequences of each of the polynucleotide sequences of the invention may be used in the nucleic acid constructs of the invention.

According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention the promoter is at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, which is capable of regulating expression of at least one polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto in an ovule epidermal cell.

Other examples of cotton fiber-enhanced promoters include those of the cotton fiber-expressed genes E6 (John et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 30:297-306 (1996) and John et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93:12768-12773, 1996), H6 (John et al., Plant Physiol., 108:669-676, 1995), FbL2A (Rinehart et al., Plant Physiol., 112:1331-1341, 1996) and John et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:12768-12773, 1996), rac (Delmer et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 248:43-51, 1995); CelA (Pear et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:12637-12642, 1996); CAP (Kawai et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 39:1380-1383, 1998); ACP (Song et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1351:305-312, 1997); and LTP (Ma et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1344:111-114, 1997). Other cotton fiber specific promoters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,070.

Other cotton fiber development promoters are disclosed in PCT No IL2005/000627 to the present inventors (e.g., SEQ ID NO:85 or 91 therein).

Other promoters which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are those that ensure expression only in specified organs, such as the leaf, root, tuber, seed, stem, flower or specified cell types such as parenchyma, epidermal, trichome or vascular cells.

Promoters for enhancing expression in trichome cells are disclosed in WO2004/111183, to Evogene Ltd.

Promoters enhancing expression in vascular tissue include the CAD 2 promoter (Samaj et al., Planta, 204:437-443, 1998), the Pt4C11 promoter (Hu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:5407-5412, 1998), the C4H promoter (Meyer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:6619-6623, 1998), the PtX3H6 and PtX14A9 promoters (Loopstra et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 27:277-291, 1995), the RolC promoter (Graham, Plant Mol. Biol., 33:729-735, 1997), the Hvhsp17 promoter (Raho et al., J. Expt. Bot., 47:1587-1594, 1996), and the COMT promoter (Capellades et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 31:307-322, 1996).

Promoters enhancing expression in stem tissue include pith promoters (Datta, Theor. Appl. Genet., 97:20-30, 1998) and Ohta et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 225:369-378, 1991), and the anionic peroxidase promoter (Klotz et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 36:509-520, 1998). Preferred promoters enhancing expression in phloem, cortex and cork, but not xylem or pith, include the Psam-1 promoter (Mijnsbrugge et al., Plant and Cell Physiol., 37:1108-1115, 1996).

Promoters enhancing expression in seeds include the phas promoter (Geest et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 32:579-588, 1996); the GluB-1 promoter (Takaiwa et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 30:1207-1221, 1996); the gamma-zein promoter (Torrent et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 34:139-149, 1997), and the oleosin promoter (Sarmiento et al., The Plant Journal 11:783-796, 1997).

Other promoter sequences which mediate constitutive, inducible, tissue-specific or developmental stage-specific expression are disclosed in WO2004/081173 to Evogene Ltd.

Truncated or synthetic promoters including specific nucleotide regions conferring tissue-enhanced expression may also be used, as exemplified by identification of regulatory elements within larger promoters conferring xylem-enhanced expression (Seguin et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 35:281-291, 1997; Torres-Schumann et al., The Plant Journal, 9:283-296, 1996; and Leyva et al., The Plant Cell, 4:263-271, 1992).

The nucleic acid construct can be, for example, a plasmid, a bacmid, a phagemid, a cosmid, a phage, a virus or an artificial chromosome. Preferably, the nucleic acid construct of the invention is a plasmid vector, more preferably a binary vector.

The phrase “binary vector” refers to an expression vector which carries a modified T-region from Ti plasmid, enable to be multiplied both in E. coli and in Agrobacterium cells, and usually comprising reporter gene(s) for plant transformation between the two boarder regions. A binary vector suitable for the invention includes pBI2113, pBI121, pGA482, pGAH, pBIG, pBI101 (Clonetech), pPI (see Examples 5 and 10 of the Examples section which follows) or modifications thereof.

The nucleic acid construct of the invention can be utilized to transform a host cell (e.g., bacterial, plant) or plant.

As used herein, the terms “transgenic” or “transformed” are used interchangeably referring to a cell or a plant into which cloned genetic material has been transferred.

In stable transformation, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention is integrated into the plant genome, and as such it represents a stable and inherited trait. In transient transformation, the nucleic acid molecule is expressed by the cell transformed but not integrated into the genome, and as such represents a transient trait.

There are various methods of introducing foreign genes into both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (Potrykus, I. (1991). Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42, 205-225; Shimamoto, K. et al. (1989). Fertile transgenic rice plants regenerated from transformed protoplasts. Nature (1989) 338, 274-276).

The principal methods of the stable integration of exogenous DNA into plant genomic DNA includes two main approaches:

(i) Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer.

See: Klee, H. J. et al. (1987). Annu Rev Plant Physiol 38, 467-486; Klee, H. J. and Rogers, S. G. (1989). Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 6, Molecular Biology of Plant Nuclear Genes, pp. 2-25, J. Schell and L. K. Vasil, eds., Academic Publishers, San Diego, Cal.; and Gatenby, A. A. (1989). Regulation and Expression of Plant Genes in Microorganisms, pp. 93-112, Plant Biotechnology, S. Kung and C. J. Arntzen, eds., Butterworth Publishers, Boston, Mass.

(ii) Direct DNA Uptake.

See, e.g.: Paszkowski, J. et al. (1989). Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 6, Molecular Biology of Plant Nuclear Genes, pp. 52-68, J. Schell and L. K. Vasil, eds., Academic Publishers, San Diego, Cal.; and Toriyama, K. et al. (1988). Bio/Technol 6, 1072-1074 (methods for direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts). See also: Zhang et al. (1988). Plant Cell Rep 7, 379-384; and Fromm, M. E. et al. (1986). Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. Nature 319, 791-793 (DNA uptake induced by brief electric shock of plant cells). See also: Klein et al. (1988). Bio/Technology 6, 559-563; McCabe, D. E. et al. (1988). Stable transformation of soybean (Glycine max) by particle acceleration. Bio/Technology 6, 923-926; and Sanford, J. C. (1990). Biolistic plant transformation. Physiol Plant 79, 206-209 (DNA injection into plant cells or tissues by particle bombardment). See also: Neuhaus, J. M. et al. (1987). Theor Appl Genet 75, 30-36; and Neuhaus, J. M. and Spangenberg, G. C. (1990). Physiol Plant 79, 213-217 (use of micropipette systems). See U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,765 (glass fibers or silicon carbide whisker transformation of cell cultures, embryos or callus tissue). See also: DeWet, J. M. J. et al. (1985). “Exogenous gene transfer in maize (Zea mays) using DNA-treated pollen,” Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissue, G. P. Chapman et al., eds., Longman, New York-London, pp. 197-209; and Ohta, Y. (1986). High-Efficiency Genetic Transformation of Maize by a Mixture of Pollen and Exogenous DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83, 715-719 (direct incubation of DNA with germinating pollen).

The Agrobacterium-mediated system includes the use of plasmid vectors that contain defined DNA segments which integrate into the plant genomic DNA. Methods of inoculation of the plant tissue vary depending upon the plant species and the Agrobacterium delivery system. A widely used approach is the leaf-disc procedure, which can be performed with any tissue explant that provides a good source for initiation of whole-plant differentiation (Horsch, R. B. et al. (1988). “Leaf disc transformation.” Plant Molecular Biology Manual A5, 1-9, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). A supplementary approach employs the Agrobacterium delivery system in combination with vacuum infiltration. The Agrobacterium system is especially useful for in the creation of transgenic dicotyledenous plants.

There are various methods of direct DNA transfer into plant cells. In electroporation, the protoplasts are briefly exposed to a strong electric field, opening up mini-pores to allow DNA to enter. In microinjection, the DNA is mechanically injected directly into the cells using micropipettes. In microparticle bombardment, the DNA is adsorbed on microprojectiles such as magnesium sulfate crystals or tungsten particles, and the microprojectiles are physically accelerated into cells or plant tissues.

Following stable transformation, plant propagation occurs. The most common method of plant propagation is by seed. The disadvantage of regeneration by seed propagation, however, is the lack of uniformity in the crop due to heterozygosity, since seeds are produced by plants according to the genetic variances governed by Mendelian rules. In other words, each seed is genetically different and each will grow with its own specific traits. Therefore, it is preferred that the regeneration be effected such that the regenerated plant has identical traits and characteristics to those of the parent transgenic plant. The preferred method of regenerating a transformed plant is by micropropagation, which provides a rapid, consistent reproduction of the transformed plants.

Micropropagation is a process of growing second-generation plants from a single tissue sample excised from a selected parent plant or cultivar. This process permits the mass reproduction of plants having the preferred tissue and expressing a fusion protein. The newly generated plants are genetically identical to, and have all of the characteristics of, the original plant. Micropropagation allows for mass production of quality plant material in a short period of time and offers a rapid multiplication of selected cultivars with preservation of the characteristics of the original transgenic or transformed plant. The advantages of this method of plant cloning include the speed of plant multiplication and the quality and uniformity of the plants produced.

Micropropagation is a multi-stage procedure that requires alteration of culture medium or growth conditions between stages. The micropropagation process involves four basic stages: stage one, initial tissue culturing; stage two, tissue culture multiplication; stage three, differentiation and plant formation; and stage four, greenhouse culturing and hardening. During stage one, the tissue culture is established and certified contaminant-free. During stage two, the initial tissue culture is multiplied until a sufficient number of tissue samples are produced to meet production goals. During stage three, the newly grown tissue samples are divided and grown into individual plantlets. At stage four, the transformed plantlets are transferred to a greenhouse for hardening where the plants' tolerance to light is gradually increased so that they can continue to grow in the natural environment.

Although stable transformation is presently preferred, transient transformation of, for instance, leaf cells, meristematic cells, or the whole plant is also envisaged by the invention.

Transient transformation can be effected by any of the direct DNA transfer methods described above or by viral infection using modified plant viruses.

Viruses that have been shown to be useful for the transformation of plant hosts include cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and baculovirus (BV). Transformation of plants using plant viruses is described in, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,237 (bean golden mosaic virus, BGMV); EPA 67,553 (TMV); Japanese Published Application No. 63-14693 (TMV); EPA 194,809 (BV); EPA 278,667 (BV); and Gluzman, Y. et al. (1988). Communications in Molecular Biology: Viral Vectors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp. 172-189. The use of pseudovirus particles in expressing foreign DNA in many hosts, including plants, is described in WO 87/06261.

Construction of plant RNA viruses for the introduction and expression of non-viral exogenous nucleic acid sequences in plants is demonstrated by the above references as well as by: Dawson, W. O. et al. (1989). A tobacco mosaic virus-hybrid expresses and loses an added gene. Virology 172, 285-292; French, R. et al. (1986) Science 231, 1294-1297; and Takamatsu, N. et al. (1990). Production of enkephalin in tobacco protoplasts using tobacco mosaic virus RNA vector. FEBS Lett 269, 73-76.

If the transforming virus is a DNA virus, one skilled in the art may make suitable modifications to the virus itself. Alternatively, the virus can first be cloned into a bacterial plasmid for ease of constructing the desired viral vector with the foreign DNA. The virus can then be excised from the plasmid. If the virus is a DNA virus, a bacterial origin of replication can be attached to the viral DNA, which is then replicated by the bacteria. Transcription and translation of the DNA will produce the coat protein, which will encapsidate the viral DNA. If the virus is an RNA virus, the virus is generally cloned as a cDNA and inserted into a plasmid. The plasmid is then used to make all of the plant genetic constructs. The RNA virus is then transcribed from the viral sequence of the plasmid, followed by translation of the viral genes to produce the coat proteins which encapsidate the viral RNA.

Construction of plant RNA viruses for the introduction and expression in plants of non-viral exogenous nucleic acid sequences, such as those included in the construct of the invention, is demonstrated in the above references as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,931.

In an embodiment, there is provided for insertion a plant viral nucleic acid, comprising a deletion of the native coat protein coding sequence from the viral nucleic acid, a non-native (foreign) plant viral coat protein coding sequence, and a non-native promoter, preferably the subgenomic promoter of the non-native coat protein coding sequence, and capable of expression in the plant host, packaging of the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid, and ensuring a systemic infection of the host by the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid. Alternatively, the native coat protein coding sequence may be made non-transcribable by insertion of the non-native nucleic acid sequence within it, such that a non-native protein is produced. The recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct may contain one or more additional non-native subgenomic promoters. Each non-native subgenomic promoter is capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes or nucleic acid sequences in the plant host and incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters. In addition, the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct may contain one or more cis-acting regulatory elements, such as enhancers, which bind a trans-acting regulator and regulate the transcription of a coding sequence located downstream thereto. Non-native nucleic acid sequences may be inserted adjacent to the native plant viral subgenomic promoter or the native and non-native plant viral subgenomic promoters if more than one nucleic acid sequence is included. The non-native nucleic acid sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoter(s) to produce the desired products.

In an embodiment of the invention, a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided as in the first embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is placed adjacent to one of the non-native coat protein subgenomic promoters instead of adjacent to a non-native coat protein coding sequence.

In an embodiment of the invention, a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided comprising a native coat protein gene placed adjacent to its subgenomic promoter and one or more non-native subgenomic promoters inserted into the viral nucleic acid construct. The inserted non-native subgenomic promoters are capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes in a plant host and are incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters. Non-native nucleic acid sequences may be inserted adjacent to the non-native subgenomic plant viral promoters such that the sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoters to produce the desired product.

In an embodiment of the invention, a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided as in the third embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is replaced by a non-native coat protein coding sequence.

Viral vectors are encapsidated by expressed coat proteins encoded by recombinant plant viral nucleic acid constructs as described hereinabove, to produce a recombinant plant virus. The recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct or recombinant plant virus is used to infect appropriate host plants. The recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is capable of replication in a host, systemic spread within the host, and transcription or expression of one or more foreign genes (isolated nucleic acid) in the host to produce the desired protein.

In addition to the above, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can also be introduced into a chloroplast genome thereby enabling chloroplast expression.

A technique for introducing exogenous nucleic acid sequences to the genome of the chloroplasts is known. This technique involves the following procedures. First, plant cells are chemically treated so as to reduce the number of chloroplasts per cell to about one. Then, the exogenous nucleic acid is introduced into the cells preferably via particle bombardment, with the aim of introducing at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule into the chloroplasts. The exogenous nucleic acid is selected by one ordinarily skilled in the art to be capable of integration into the chloroplast's genome via homologous recombination, which is readily effected by enzymes inherent to the chloroplast. To this end, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises, in addition to a gene of interest, at least one nucleic acid sequence derived from the chloroplast's genome. In addition, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a selectable marker, which by sequential selection procedures serves to allow an artisan to ascertain that all or substantially all copies of the chloroplast genome following such selection include the exogenous nucleic acid. Further details relating to this technique are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050 and 5,693,507, which are incorporated herein by reference. A polypeptide can thus be produced by the protein expression system of the chloroplast and become integrated into the chloroplast's inner membrane.

It will be appreciated that the generation of fiber producing plant of desired traits according to the invention can also be effected by crossing each of the above genetically modified plants with wild type, hybrid or transgenic plants, using methods which are well known in the art.

Once the transgenic plants of the invention are generated, fibers are harvested (for example by mechanical picking and/or hand-stripping) and fiber yield and quality is determined.

The following describes methods of qualifying cotton fibers.

Fiber length—Instruments such as a fibrograph and HVI (high volume instrumentation) systems are used to measure the length of the fiber. HVI instruments compute length in terms of “mean” and “upper half mean” (UHM) length. The mean is the average length of all the fibers while UHM is the average length of the longer half of the fiber distribution.

Fiber strength—As mentioned, fiber strength is usually defined as the force required to break a bundle of fibers or a single fiber. In HVI testing the breaking force is converted to “grams force per tex unit.” This is the force required to break a bundle of fibers that is one tex unit in size. In HVI testing the strength is given in grams per tex units (grams/tex). Fibers can be classified as low strength (e.g., 19-22 gms/tex), average strength (e.g., 23-25 gms/tex), high strength (e.g., 26-28 gms/tex), and very high strength (e.g., 29-36 gms/tex).

Fiber fineness a and fiber weight per unit length—increased fiber fineness is likely attributable to increased fiber wall thickness yielding more weight per unit length.

Maturity ratio—is a measure of the relative amount of cellulose in the fiber cross-section.

Uniformity—The degree to which the fibers in a sample are uniform is based on the ratio of mean length to the upper half mean length, given as a percentage.

Micronaire—The micronaire reading of a fiber is obtained from a porous air flow test. The test is conducted as follows. A weighed sample of cotton is compressed to a given volume and controlled air flow is passed through the sample. The resistance to the air flow is read as micronaire units. The micronaire readings reflect a combination of maturity and fineness. Since the fiber diameter of fibers within a given variety of cotton is fairly consistent, the micronaire index will more likely indicate maturity variation rather than variations in fineness. A micronaire reading of 2.6-2.9 is low while 3.0-3.4 is below average, 3.5-4.9 is average and 5.0 and up are high. For most textile applications a micronaire of 3.5-4.9 is used. Anything higher than this is usually not desirable. It will be appreciated though, that different applications require different fiber properties. Thus, it is understood that a fiber property that is disadvantageous in one application might be advantageous in another.

As is illustrated in the Examples section, which follows, biomolecule sequences of the invention are capable of increasing trichome/leaf hair number and length, as well as seed hair. As such biomolecules of the invention can be used to generate transgenic plants with increased trichome number/length which better deter herbivores, guide the path of pollinators, or affect photosynthesis, leaf temperature, or water loss through increased light reflectance. Additionally such transgenic plants may be used for the compartmentalized production of recombinant proteins and chemicals in trichomes, as described in details in WO2004/111183 to Evogene Ltd.

The present inventors have also found that polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention are capable of increasing a biomass of a plant. It will be appreciated that the ability of the polypeptides of the invention to increase plant yield/biomass/vigor is inherent to their ability to promote the increase in plant cell-size or volume (as described herein).

Thus, the invention also envisages a method of increasing a biomass/vigor/yield of a plant. This is effected by upregulating expression and/or activity of at least one of the polynucleotides of the invention, as described above.

As used herein the phrase “plant biomass” refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced from the plant in a growing season, which could also determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing area.

As used herein the phrase “plant vigor” refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced from the plant in a given time. Hence increase vigor could determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing time or growing area.

As used herein the phrase “plant yield” refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced and harvested as the plant produced product. Hence increase yield could affect the economic benefit one can obtain from the plant in a certain growing are and/or growing time.

As used herein the term “increasing” refers to at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, increase in plant yield/biomass/vigor/or tolerance to abiotic stress (further described below) as compared to a native plant (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention).

As the sequences were elected by their ability to increase root tips and fibers the disclosed sequences may be used to increase tolerance or improve resistance to abiotic stress.

The phrase “abiotic stress” used herein refers to any adverse effect on metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability of a plant. Accordingly, abiotic stress can be induced by suboptimal environmental growth conditions such as, for example, salinity, drought, flooding, low or high temperature, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, nutrient deficiency, atmospheric pollution or UV irradiation.

The phrase “abiotic stress tolerance” as used herein refers to the ability of a plant exogenously expressing the biomolecule sequences of the invention to endure an abiotic stress without suffering a substantial alteration in metabolism, growth, productivity and/or viability as compared to a native plant (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention) under the same abiotic stress conditions.

Additionally or alternatively, such parameters can be measured in plants exogenously expressing the biomolecule sequences of the invention and can be compared to the same parameters as measured in native plants (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention, e.g., wild type plants) after exposing the plants to the same abiotic stress conditions.

It will be appreciated that any plant is envisaged in accordance with these embodiments of the invention. A suitable plant for use with the method of the invention can be any monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant including, but not limited to, maize, wheat, barely, rye, oat, rice, soybean, peanut, pea, lentil and alfalfa, cotton, rapeseed, canola, pepper, sunflower, potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant, eucalyptus, a tree, an ornamental plant, a perennial grass and a forage crop, coniferous plants, moss, algae, as well as other plants listed in World Wide Web (dot) nationmaster (dot) com/encyclopedia/Plantae).

The invention also encompasses a method of producing cotton fibers by (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of the invention and (b) harvesting the fibers of the transgenic cotton plant.

Thus, the invention is of high agricultural value for promoting the yield of commercially desired crops (e.g., biomass of vegetative organ such as poplar wood, or reproductive organ such as number of seeds or seed biomass).

As is further shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 and described in Example 11 of the Examples section which follows, the present inventors have constructed vectors designed to express a cotton fiber developing gene (e.g., CT20; SEQ ID NO:881) under a constitutive promoter (e.g., 35S promoter; SEQ ID NO:841) and a reporter gene (e.g., GFP; SEQ ID NO:871) under the transcriptional regulation of a cotton fiber developing promoter (e.g., CT2 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 873), such that expression of the reporter gene pinpoints on the fibers which were transformed with the construct (e.g., by observing the fibers with the appropriate light, e.g., UV light to detect the GFP staining).

Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.

It will be appreciated that the first and second polynucleotide sequences can be also constructed each in a separate nucleic acid construct which together form a nucleic acid construct system.

Thus, according to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid construct system comprising: (i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.

The fiber-specific promoter can be any promoter known to regulate fiber development (e.g., enhance fiber development) or which is specifically expressed in fibers. Non-limiting examples of fiber-specific promoters include the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873; the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:848; the CT74 promoter set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, or the promoters set forth by SEQ ID NO:857 or 854.

The reporter gene can be any nucleic acid coding sequence encoding a detectable polypeptide (i.e., a polypeptide which can be detected following expression in a host cell). Non-limiting examples of reporter genes include the GFP coding sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:871), the GUSIntron (SEQ ID NO:872) and the cDNA encoding a non-fluorescent HaloTag protein (GenBank Accession No. AY773970) which following expression in a cell is interacted with an appropriate HaloTag ligand including a reactive linker that covalently binds to the HaloTag protein and a flexible reporter group that can be a fluorophore (Lang C, et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2985-92).

The polypeptide-of-interest which is expressed in the plant can be any polypeptide which is beneficial to the plant. For example, such a polypeptide can be a polypeptide which regulates fiber development such as any of the isolated polypeptides described hereinabove (SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791) or in PCT IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd. (e.g., the polypeptide encoded by CT20 coding sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:881).

Non-limiting examples of heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptide-of-interest include any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1-129, and 259-535).

According to an embodiment of the invention the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a constitutive promoter (e.g., the 35S promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:841; Actin promoter (McElroy et al, Plant Cell, 2: 163-171, 1990); CaMV 19S (Nilsson et al., Physiol. Plant 100:456-462, 1997); GOS2 (de Pater et al, Plant J November; 2(6):837-44, 1992); Rice cyclophilin (Bucholz et al, Plant Mol Biol. 25(5):837-43, 1994); ubiquitin (Christensen et al, Plant Mol. Biol. 18: 675-689, 1992); Maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al, Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 276-285, 1992); Actin 2(An et al, Plant J. 10(1); 107-121, 1996).

According to an embodiment of the invention, the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter (e.g., the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873 or the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:848).

Non-limiting examples of suitable nucleic acid constructs are depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7.

Such nucleic acid constructs/systems can be used to transiently express a polypeptide-of-interest (e.g., the cotton fiber developing polypeptide) in a plant (e.g., a cotton plant).

While further reducing the invention to practice, the present inventors have devised a novel approach for transiently expressing a polypeptide-of-interest (e.g., a cotton fiber developing polypeptide) in cotton ovule cells by injecting a nucleic acid construct encoding the polypeptide-of-interest into a developed cotton ball.

As is shown in FIGS. 4a-c and describe in Example 11 of the Examples section which follows, cotton balls which were injected with the nucleic acid sequences at e.g., 1 and 8 DPA expressed the reporter gene (beta-glucuronidase, GUS) in the developed ball. In addition, transient expression of the binary vectors comprising fiber developing gene (e.g., expansin or CT20) resulted in a significant effect on fiber length (FIGS. 5a-c , Table 13, Example 11 of the Examples section).

Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a cotton plant. The method is effected by injecting to a cotton ball of the cotton plant a nucleic acid construct which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide-of-interest, there by expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the cotton plant.

As used herein the phrase “cotton ball” refers to the cotton fruit at various developmental stages [e.g., 0, 2, 4 and 6 days post anthesis (DPA)].

Injection of the nucleic acid construct can be injected directly to the cotton ball, using e.g., a 1-ml syringe with a 0.5-3.6-mm needle (BD Pastipak) (See Example 11 of the Examples section). Briefly, the needle is introduced to 1 to 2 mm in depth into the fruit tissue, and the infiltration solution containing the nucleic acid construct is injected into the fruit.

According to an embodiment of the invention expressing is effected at an ovule cell of the cotton plant.

As shown in Example 11 of the examples section, the nucleic acid constructs (e.g., those described in FIG. 6 or 7) were transfected into a cell (e.g., agrobacterium cell), and the transformed cells are further injected to the cotton ball.

Methods of transfecting nucleic acid constructs into agrobacteria are known in the art and further described hereinabove and in Example 11 of the Examples section which follows.

Thus, according to an embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid construct/system of the invention is comprised in agrobacteria.

As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”.

The term “consisting of” means “including and limited to”.

The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.

As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

Various embodiments and aspects of the invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a non limiting fashion.

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion.

Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures utilized in the invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, “Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual” Sambrook et al., (1989); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994); Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Perbal, “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., “Recombinant DNA”, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) “Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series”, Vols. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057; “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E., ed. (1994); “Current Protocols in Immunology” Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), “Basic and Clinical Immunology” (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), “Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology”, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and 5,281,521; “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” Gait, M. J., ed. (1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1985); “Transcription and Translation” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1984); “Animal Cell Culture” Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986); “Immobilized Cells and Enzymes” IRL Press, (1986); “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning” Perbal, B., (1984) and “Methods in Enzymology” Vol. 1-317, Academic Press; “PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications”, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990); Marshak et al., “Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization—A Laboratory Course Manual” CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Other general references are provided throughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be well known in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader. All the information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference.

Example 1 Identification of Gene Clusters Involved in Plant Fiber Development

Bioinformatics Analysis

In silico identification of cotton genes involved in fiber formation—Putative cotton genes involved in fiber formation were selected from NCBI databases of cotton expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and cDNAs. The database sequences were clustered and assembled using the LEADS™ software (Compugen, Tel Aviv, Israel). Clustering resulted in more than 18,700 clusters, each representing a different gene. An expression profile summary was compiled for each cluster by pooling all keywords included in the sequence records comprising the cluster. Genes over-expressed in fiber initiation and elongation phase were isolated. The clusters were then screened to include polynucleotides originating from libraries of addition elongated tissues such as root tips, xylem and tissues exposed to etiolating conditions. Since the main force that acts in order to elongate the cell is the cell turgor, in addition to elongated tissues, the selected genes were compared to genes expressed under abiotic stresses, mainly under drought stress (details of genes clustered and analyzed are summarized in Table 1, hereinbelow). Combining the different queries, a list of 56 predicted fiber improving gene candidates was created. Those genes were further validated using RNA expression analysis (qRT-PCR).

TABLE 1 Gene Clustering Results Output non-singelton contigs TIGR LEADS Organism Sequences Contigs Sequences Contigs Cotton 92,338 14,325 198,492 18,543 Tomato 148,522 16,247 209,693 16,322 Poplar 231,072 24,382 — — Arabidopsis 327,875 19,863 — — Additional species (10)* 1,855,997 174,045 3,076,554 167,956 Total 2655804 248,862 427,661 38,850 Table 1: Gene clustering results. *The addition species that were used are: maize, rice, sorghum, soybean, grape, canola, barley, strawberry, peach and melon.

Example 2 Analysis of mRNA Expression Profiles of Genes Involved in Plant Fiber Development

To study the RNA expression profile of candidate genes identified as described in Example 1 above, a reverse transcription reaction followed by real time PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on RNA extracted from cotton plants at different stages of fiber development, as follows.

Experimental Procedures

Quantitative Real time PCR analysis (qRT PCR)—To verify the levels of expression specificity and trait-association, Reverse Transcription following quantitative (Real-Time) PCR (RTqPCR) was performed. Total RNA was extracted from cotton plants at different stages of fiber development (from the day of anthesis till day 20—post anthesis). To study the specificity of expression, RNA from other tissues of the cotton plants were collected and analyzed for control expression (i.e., young leaves, young stems, mature stems, young roots, sepals, petals, and stamen). For this purpose, RNA was extracted from Cotton tissue using Hot Borate RNA Extraction protocol according to World Wide Web (dot)eeob(dot)iastate(dot)edu/faculty/WendelJ/ultramicrorna(dot)html Reverse transcription was effected using 1.5 μg total RNA, using 300 U Super Script II Reverse Transcriptase enzyme (Invitrogen), 225 ng random deoxynucleotide hexamers (Invitrogen), 500 μM dNTPs mix (Takara, Japan), 0.2 volume of ×5 reverse transcriptase (RT) buffer (Invitrogen), 0.01 M DTT, 60 U RNAsin (Promega), DEPC treated double distilled water was added up to 37.5 μl. RT reactions were incubated for 50 minutes at 42° C., followed by 70° C. for 15 minutes. cDNA was diluted 1:20 in Tris EDTA, pH=8.5 μl of the diluted cDNA was used for qRT-PCR.

Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on cDNA (5 μl), using ×1 SYBR GREEN PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems), forward and reverse primers 0.3 μM each. The ABI7000 real-time PCR machine was used with the following conditions: 50° C. for 2 minutes, 95° C. for 10 minutes, 40 times of 95° C. for 15 sec and 1 minute at 60° C., followed by 95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 60 seconds, and 70 times of 60° C. for 10 seconds+0.5° C. increase in each cycle. For each gene, a standard curve was prepared from a pool of RTs from all samples, in 5 dilutions (dilutions—1:60, 1:200, 1:600, 1:2000, 1:10000). The standard curve plot [ct (cycle threshold) vs. log (concentration)] should have R≧0.98 with an efficiency in the range of 100%±5%. The levels of expression (Qty) measured in the qPCR were calculated using the efficiency (E) of the amplification reaction and the corresponding C.T. (the cycle at which the samples crossed the threshold) Qty=E−C.T. The dissociation curves obtained were inspected for the absence of unwanted additional PCR products or primer-dimers. Reactions were repeated at least twice. The calculation method is based in the fact that the efficiencies of the reactions of the GOI (gene-of-interest) and of the housekeeping genes are similar.

To normalize the expression level between the different tissues, specific primers were designed for specifically hybridizing with the following housekeeping genes: Actin (GenBank Accession No. D88414 SEQ ID NO: 792, Forward and reverse primers are set forth in SEQ ID NOs:793 and 794, respectively), GAPDH (SEQ ID NO:795), Forward and reverse primers are set forth in SEQ ID NOs:796 and 797, respectively), and RPL19 (GenBank Accession No. AI729179, SEQ ID NO:798, Forward and reverse primers are set forth in SEQ ID NOs:799 and 800, respectively).

Experimental Results

Using the above methodology it was possible to identify genes that show elevated expression during fiber elongation, as well as genes that show unique cotton fiber specificity. Genes that showed elevated expression during anthesis that decreases during fiber elongation were considered good candidates to be involved in fiber differentiation and initiation. Notably, the above-described quantification methodology did not provide absolute expression levels, but provided good parameters for scoring the relative gene expression along fiber development as differences as high as over 1000 fold in the maximal levels of expression reached by different genes were detected (Table 2, below).

56 cotton genes were evaluated for their expression profile in different tissues of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, var Acala).

Two main criteria were used to select cotton genes as candidates that may be involved in fiber development according to their RNA profiling, namely genes showing high degree of fiber expression specificity and genes displaying an expression level, which changes concomitantly with fiber development. Seventeen genes met these selection criteria and were predicted to improve fiber yield and quality. Expression profiles and annotation of the 17 selected genes are presented in Tables 2a and 2b and Table 3, hereinbelow.

TABLE 2a Expression profiles of the 17 selected genes Gene ID/ SEQ ID NO 10 15 (nucleotide). 0 dpa 2 dpa 5 dpa dpa dpa 20 dpa 25 dpa CTF101/3 0.036 0.133 0.077 0.071 0.055 0.039 0.050 CTF110/4 0.407 3.192 1.088 1.630 0.043 0.006 0.010 CTF111/5 0.050 0.899 0.649 0.901 0.217 0.013 0.049 CTF113/6 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.009 0.005 0.001 0.001 CTF121/18 0.056 0.020 0.039 0.021 0.013 0.001 CTF124/7 0.012 0.312 0.288 0.147 0.026 0.002 CTF126/19 0.008 0.019 0.012 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.002 CTF130/20 0.000 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 CTF131/21 0.009 0.088 0.050 0.019 0.011 0.004 0.012 CTF132/22 1.300 5.250 2.882 1.553 1.164 1.644 0.567 CTF133/23 0.131 0.313 0.214 0.089 0.150 0.136 0.111 CTF134/24 1.221 0.245 0.232 0.116 0.153 0.369 0.227 CTF135/8 5.869 18.755 10.243 4.512 2.033 1.162 1.934 CTF144/25 1.851 0.851 1.676 1.375 0.220 0.186 0.010 CTF146/26 0.025 0.104 0.108 0.138 0.050 0.022 0.023 CTF150/27 0.009 0.190 0.092 0.102 0.046 0.001 0.001 CTF155/28 0.117 0.236 0.152 0.188 0.145 0.176 0.337 Table 2a: Reverse-transcription following quantitative PCR was performed using real-time PCR, on tissues of either young or mature cotton (G. hirsutum var Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA of each gene are presented in all examined tissues. dpa—days post anthesis, of ovule and fibers tissues (until 10 dpa) or only fiber tissue (after 10 dpa).

TABLE 2b Expression profiles of the 17 selected genes Gene ID/SEQ ID Young Young Young NO (nucleotide). Sepals Petals roots leaves buds Stamen Pestel 0 dpa CTF101/3 0.018 0.004 0.044 0.015 0.014 0.004 0.013 0.036 CTF110/4 0.026 0.028 0.024 0.736 0.761 0.020 0.010 0.407 CTF111/5 0.015 0.996 0.002 0.031 0.024 0.152 3.288 0.050 CTF113/6 0.008 0.002 0.283 0.002 0.003 0.084 0.002 0.015 CTF121/18 0.023 0.527 0.029 0.001 0.005 0.680 1.079 0.056 CTF124/7 0.001 0.001 0.034 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.012 CTF126/19 0.016 0.016 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.008 0.017 0.008 CTF130/20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 CTF131/21 0.008 0.077 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.083 0.043 0.009 CTF132/22 0.283 0.152 0.035 0.496 1.126 0.059 0.286 1.300 CTF133/23 0.176 0.543 0.072 0.042 0.035 1.117 0.370 0.131 CTF134/24 0.124 0.349 0.179 0.053 0.164 0.289 1.343 1.221 CTF135/8 3.968 2.389 0.076 1.333 3.098 3.326 17.426 5.869 CTF144/25 0.883 0.556 1.314 0.229 0.685 0.759 2.638 1.851 CTF146/26 0.023 0.252 0.029 0.007 0.016 0.067 0.091 0.025 CTF150/27 0.005 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.079 0.002 0.009 CTF155/28 0.272 0.839 0.126 0.108 0.151 7.598 1.447 0.117 Table 2b: Reverse-transcription following quantitative PCR was performed using real-time PCR, on tissues of either young or mature cotton (G. hirsutum var Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA of each gene are presented in all examined tissues. dpa—days post anthesis, of ovule and fibers tissues (until 10 dpa) or only fiber tissue (after 10 dpa).

TABLE 3 Annotation of the 17 selected genes Pattern of Fiber CTF# Annotation expression specificity CTF101 GTPase Elongation No CTF110 GDSL-motif lipase/hydrolase-like Elongation No protein CTF111 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthasellfatty Elongation No acid elongase CTF113 Raffinose synthase Elongation No CTF121 Pectin methylesterase PME1 Elongation No CTF124 Similar to acid phosphatase Elongation Fiber specific CTF126 Actin-depolymerizing factor 4 Elongation No CTF130 RING-H2 finger protein ATL2M Elongation/ Fiber Initiation specific CTF131 Putative glucosyltransferase Elongation No CTF132 serine protease-like protein Elongation No CTF133 Proteasome subunit Elongation No CTF134 Pectin methylesterase Elongation/ No Initiation CTF135 Proteasome subunit alpha type 5 Elongation No CTF144 Ascorbate oxidase precursor Elongation/ No Initiation CTF146 protein kinase TMK1 Elongation No CTF150 Putativepod-specific Elongation Fiber dehydrogenase SAC25 specific CTF155 Snakin-1 Elongation Fiber specific Table 3: Annotation of the 17 selected genes based on the NCBI data-base.

Example 3 Identifying Correlation Between Expression of Candidate Genes and Fiber Length

The correlation between fiber length and expression of the candidate genes was determined in 10 different cotton lines representing a wide variety of fiber length characteristics, as follows.

Experimental Procedures

Cotton lines—The 10 different cotton lines representing wide variety of fiber length characteristics included earlier G. hirsutum varieties (SA217SD and SA68SD), G. hirsutum varieties (Tamcot, Macnair, DP90 and ZG236) F1 hybrid of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense (Acalphi) and high quality of pima type (G. barbadense) (S7 and Pima).

RNA extraction—Fiber development stages, representing different fiber characteristic, at 5, 10 and 15 DPA were sampled and RNA was extracted as described in Example 2, hereinabove.

Fiber length assessment—Fiber length of the above lines was measured using a fibrograph. The fibrograph system was used to compute length in terms of “Upper Half Mean” length. The upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution. The fibrograph measures length in span lengths at a given percentage point [World Wide Web (dot) cottoninc (dot)com/ClassificationofCotton/?Pg=4#Length].

Experimental Results

Ten different cotton lines were grown in Rehovot, Israel, and their fiber length was measured. The fibers UHM values were measured and the correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length was calculated according to Pearson correlation [Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)://davidmlane (dot) com/hyperstat/A34739 (dot) html], wherein “R” is the correlation coefficient, and the value determines the significance of the correlation. Genes with R>0.4 and P<0.05 in at list one of the measured time points (i.e., 5, 10 or 15 dpa) have been considered as related to fiber elongation and were further selected for cloning and validation (data are summarized in Table 4, hereinbelow).

TABLE 4 Correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length 5 dpa 10 dpa 15 dpa R P R P R P CTF101 0.51 0.03 0.56 0.02 CTF110 0.41 0.06 0.41 0.05 CTF111 0.35 0.10 0.40 0.07 CTF113 0.34 0.10 0.44 0.05 0.51 0.03 CTF121 0.72 0.00 0.65 0.01 CTF124 0.50 0.03 CTF126 0.47 0.04 CTF131 0.49 0.03 CTF132 0.60 0.01 0.45 0.05 CTF133 0.69 0.01 CTF134 0.36 0.09 CTF135 0.30 0.13 CTF144 0.34 0.10 Table 4: The correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length are presented for the three time points (5 dpa, 10 dpa and 15 dpa) using the Pearson correlation coefficient R and the p values.

Example 4 Production of Cotton Transcriptom and High Throughput Correlation Analysis Using Cotton Oligonucleotide Microarray

In order to conduct high throughput gene expression correlation analysis, the present inventors used cotton oligonucleotide microarray, designed and produced by “Comparative Evolutionary Genomics of Cotton” [Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)://cottonevolution(dot)info/). This Cotton Oligonucleotide Microarray is composed of 12,006 Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) oligonucleotides derived from an assembly of more than 180,000 Gossypium ESTs sequenced from 30 cDNA libraries.

In order to define correlations between the levels of RNA expression and fiber length, fibers from 8 different cotton lines were analyzed. These fibers were selected showing very good fiber quality and high lint index (Pima types, originating from other cotton species, namely G. barbadense), different levels of quality and lint indexes from various G. hirsutum lines: good quality and high lint index (Acala type), and poor quality and short lint index (Tamcot type, and old varieties). A summary of the fiber length of the different lines is provided in Table 5.

Experimental Procedures

RNA extraction—Fiber development stages, representing different fiber characteristics, at 5, 10 and 15 DPA were sampled and RNA was extracted as described in Example 2, hereinabove.

Fiber length assessment—Fiber length of the selected cotton lines was measured using fibrograph. The fibrograph system was used to compute length in terms of “Upper Half Mean” length. The upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution. The fibrograph measures length in span lengths at a given percentage point World Wide Web (dot) cottoninc (dot) com/ClassificationofCotton/?Pg=4#Length].

Experimental Results

Eight different cotton lines were grown in Rehovot, Israel, and their fiber length was measured. The fibers UHM values are summarized in Table 5 hereinbelow. The R square was calculated for each of the genes. Genes with R square values greater than 0.8 and P<0.05 in at list one time point, or the average expression at the different time points, were selected for further validation. The selected genes and their R square values are summarizing in Table 6.

TABLE 5 Summary of the fiber length of the 8 different cotton lines Length (UHM) Cotton variety Mean STD SA 217 SD 0.89 0.04 SA 68 SD 1.01 0.03 Tamcot 1.06 0.01 DP 90 1.1 0.08 ZG 236 1.15 0.00 Coker 310 1.21 0.02 S7 1.26 0.02 Pima 1.36 0.00 Table 5: Presented are the means and standard deviations (STD) of 8 different cotton lines.

TABLE 6 Correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length CTF No./ Serial SEQ ID 5 dpa 10 dpa 15 dpa AVG No. NO: R P E R P E R P E R P E 1 CTF157/29 0.90 0.01 10.30 0.76 0.03 68.40 2 CTF158/30 0.79 0.02 34.20 0.79 0.03 66.90 0.96 0.00 0.70 3 CTF159/31 0.79 0.02 33.20 0.97 0.00 0.60 4 CTF161/32 0.90 0.00 3.80 5 CTF162/9 0.71 0.05 82.10 0.91 0.00 8.70 6 CTF163/33 0.82 0.01 21.70 0.93 0.00 4.20 0.89 0.01 7.30 7 CTF164/34 0.84 0.01 14.50 0.80 0.02 40.90 0.94 0.00 1.40 8 CTF165/1 0.92 0.00 2.20 0.93 0.00 5.20 0.91 0.01 4.80 9 CTF166/10 0.86 0.01 24.00 0.87 0.01 11.40 10 CTF167/2 0.90 0.01 12.90 0.90 0.01 5.20 11 CTF168/35 0.77 0.02 40.40 0.94 0.00 3.30 0.94 0.00 1.60 12 CTF169/11 0.97 0.00 0.80 13 CTF170/36 0.84 0.01 14.60 0.91 0.00 9.50 0.95 0.00 1.10 14 CTF171/37 0.75 0.03 53.10 0.96 0.00 1.50 15 CTF172/12 0.77 0.02 41.10 0.81 0.03 51.70 0.75 0.03 78.90 0.80 0.03 30.40 16 CTF173/13 0.93 0.00 1.10 0.70 0.05 129.80 0.78 0.04 38.60 17 CTF174/38 0.97 0.00 0.50 0.73 0.04 93.50 0.92 0.00 3.40 18 CTF175/14 0.90 0.00 3.90 0.83 0.02 20.00 19 CTF176/15 0.92 0.00 2.10 20 CTF177/16 0.88 0.01 18.40 0.89 0.00 6.60 0.90 0.01 5.20 21 CTF178/17 0.92 0.00 7.40 0.91 0.00 3.60 0.82 0.02 22.80 22 CTF180/39 0.90 0.00 3.60 23 CTF181/40 24 CTF182/41 0.83 0.01 19.20 25 CTF183/42 0.76 0.03 45.70 0.84 0.02 35.60 0.85 0.02 15.80 26 CTF184/43 0.82 0.02 47.70 0.78 0.04 39.30 27 CTF185/44 0.88 0.01 17.70 28 CTF186/45 0.73 0.04 65.10 0.82 0.02 21.70 29 CTF187/46 0.87 0.00 7.70 0.75 0.03 76.50 0.75 0.05 51.00 30 CTF188/47 0.80 0.03 61.90 0.82 0.03 24.60 31 CTF189/48 0.84 0.01 16.00 0.80 0.03 64.20 0.73 0.04 97.90 0.79 0.03 32.50 32 CTF190/49 0.74 0.04 60.70 0.89 0.01 13.90 33 CTF191/50 0.83 0.01 19.30 0.87 0.01 12.50 0.82 0.02 23.20 34 CTF192/51 0.87 0.01 10.10 35 CTF193/52 0.79 0.04 70.20 0.85 0.01 19.30 0.86 0.01 12.70 36 CTF194/53 0.85 0.01 12.50 0.81 0.02 36.70 0.88 0.01 9.50 37 CTF195/54 0.87 0.01 19.90 0.86 0.01 11.70 38 CTF196/55 39 CTF197/56 0.81 0.03 52.20 0.72 0.05 112.50 40 CTF199/57 0.81 0.02 25.80 41 CTF200/58 0.76 0.03 66.10 42 CTF201/59 0.75 0.03 54.90 0.82 0.02 46.30 0.73 0.04 93.70 0.78 0.04 38.30 43 CTF202/60 0.84 0.02 36.60 44 CTF203/61 0.78 0.02 36.70 0.78 0.04 73.80 0.82 0.02 23.60 45 CTF204/62 0.86 0.01 16.30 46 CTF205/63 0.87 0.01 21.10 47 CTF206/64 0.87 0.01 21.70 0.87 0.01 11.10 48 CTF207/65 0.79 0.03 68.40 0.77 0.02 58.90 0.83 0.02 18.90 49 CTF208/66 0.83 0.01 16.80 50 CTF209/67 0.78 0.02 38.50 0.85 0.02 30.60 0.80 0.03 30.80 51 CTF210/68 0.87 0.00 10.90 52 CTF211/69 0.72 0.05 76.80 0.83 0.02 43.90 0.88 0.01 8.40 53 CTF212/70 0.72 0.04 71.60 0.74 0.04 87.50 0.82 0.02 23.80 54 CTF213/71 0.83 0.01 18.30 0.71 0.05 122.70 55 CTF214/72 56 CTF215/73 0.90 0.01 11.90 0.80 0.03 29.40 57 CTF216/74 0.87 0.01 23.10 58 CTF217/75 0.86 0.01 9.90 59 CTF218/76 0.88 0.01 17.30 60 CTF219/77 0.83 0.02 19.50 61 CTF220/78 0.90 0.00 6.50 62 CTF221/79 0.83 0.02 43.20 63 CTF222/80 0.78 0.04 80.50 0.82 0.01 29.80 64 CTF223/81 0.84 0.01 14.30 0.85 0.02 29.60 0.89 0.01 7.40 65 CTF224/82 0.70 0.05 89.90 0.83 0.02 43.50 66 CTF225/83 0.87 0.01 8.70 0.84 0.02 36.50 0.77 0.04 41.20 67 CTF226/84 0.73 0.04 70.00 0.77 0.03 62.20 0.81 0.03 27.90 68 CTF227/85 0.80 0.03 31.40 69 CTF229/86 0.87 0.01 23.40 70 CTF230/87 0.83 0.01 18.20 0.87 0.01 12.50 0.84 0.02 18.30 71 CTF231/88 0.81 0.03 25.10 72 CTF232/89 0.82 0.02 48.10 0.71 0.05 114.50 73 CTF233/90 0.82 0.01 22.40 74 CTF234/91 0.78 0.02 51.70 0.87 0.01 9.70 75 CTF235/92 0.88 0.01 18.70 0.72 0.07 64.00 76 CTF236/93 0.89 0.01 15.60 0.81 0.03 27.10 77 CTF237/94 0.88 0.00 6.70 0.78 0.04 73.20 0.85 0.02 15.40 78 CTF238/95 0.81 0.03 27.80 79 CTF239/96 0.87 0.01 10.60 Table 6: The correlation between RNA expression level of 79 genes and the fiber length is presented for the average and the three time points (5 dpa, 10 dpa and 15 dpa) using the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the p values. The efficiency (E) of the amplification reaction is also presented.

The 79 genes provided in Table 6, hereinabove, met the selection criteria of R square values greater than 0.8 and P<0.05. (R and P were calculated according to Pearson correlation) [Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)://davidmlane (dot) com/hyperstat/A34739 (dot) html).

Overall, 96 cotton genes (the 17 genes were described in Examples 2 and 3, and the 79 genes described in Example 4) were identified here as involved in cotton fiber development. In addition, 33 genes (SEQ ID NOs:97-129) were identified from other plant species, sharing common features and sequence homology to one or more of the cotton genes. Altogether, 129 genes were identified using bioinformatics tools and expression studies in the present study as being able to positively affect cell growth and elongation, as well as cotton fiber characteristics. The identified genes are summarized in Table 7, hereinbelow.

TABLE 7 Summary of genes affecting cell growth and elongation and cotton fiber characteristics Polynu- Polypep- Serial Gene cleotide SEQ tide SEQ No Name Cluster Name Organism ID NO: ID NO:  1 CTF165 AI054735 cotton  1 130  2 CTF167 AI725458 cotton  2 131  3 CTF101 AI729321 cotton  3 132  4 CTF110 AI725814 cotton  4 133  5 CTF111 TG_AI726275 cotton  5 134  6 CTF113 AI727515 cotton  6 135  7 CTF124 AI726129 cotton  7 136  8 CTF135 AI727537 cotton  8 137  9 CTF162 CO117674 cotton  9 138  10 CTF166 CO095695 cotton  10 139  11 CTF169 AI725762 cotton  11 140  12 CTF172 AW186826 cotton  12 141  13 CTF173 AI730906 cotton  13 142  14 CTF175 AW187393 cotton  14 143  15 CTF176 BE053309 cotton  15 144  16 CTF177 BF269648 cotton  16 145  17 CTF178 BF271992 cotton  17 146  18 CTF121 AI731653 cotton  18 147  19 CTF126 BF275672 cotton  19 148  20 CTF130 AI725540 cotton  20 149  21 CTF131 AI725631 cotton  21 150  22 CTF132 AI726672 cotton  22 151  23 CTF133 AI725569 cotton  23 152  24 CTF134 BQ404679 cotton  24 153  25 CTF144 AI726469 cotton  25 154  26 CTF146 AI730537 cotton  26 155  27 CTF150 AI725910 cotton  27 156  28 CTF155 CA992741 cotton  28 157  29 CTF157 BQ405530 cotton  29 158  30 CTF158 CO071210 cotton  30 159  31 CTF159 CO096649 cotton  31 160  32 CTF161 CO102097 cotton  32 161  33 CTF163 AW187222 cotton  33 162  34 CTF164 DV849461 cotton  34 163  35 CTF168 AI725617 cotton  35 164  36 CTF170 AI727242 cotton  36 165  37 CTF171 AI727506 cotton  37 166  38 CTF174 AW186645 cotton  38 167  39 CTF180 BG440663 cotton  39 168  40 CTF181 BF276183 cotton  40 169  41 CTF182 BQ402540 cotton  41 170  42 CTF183 BQ404247 cotton  42 171  43 CTF184 BQ408268 cotton  43 172  44 CTF185 BQ410590 cotton  44 173  45 CTF186 BQ412432 cotton  45 174  46 CTF187 CO080116 cotton  46 175  47 CTF188 CO087604 cotton  47 176  48 CTF189 CO087969 cotton  48 177  49 CTF190 CO108798 cotton  49 178  50 CTF191 CO109429 cotton  50 179  51 CTF192 CO121056 cotton  51 180  52 CTF193 CO493025 cotton  52 181  53 CTF194 DN758069 cotton  53 182  54 CTF195 DT459383 cotton  54 183  55 CTF196 DT555914 cotton  55 184  56 CTF197 DT564706 cotton  56 185  57 CTF199 AI054474 cotton  57 186  58 CTF200 AI054549 cotton  58 187  59 CTF201 AI055034 cotton  59 188  60 CTF202 AI725366 cotton  60 189  61 CTF203 AI725561 cotton  61 190  62 CTF204 AI725564 cotton  62 191  63 CTF205 AI725800 cotton  63 192  64 CTF206 AI725842 cotton  64 193  65 CTF207 AI725955 cotton  65 194  66 CTF208 AI726722 cotton  66 195  67 CTF209 AI726995 cotton  67 196  68 CTF210 AI727277 cotton  68 197  69 CTF211 DR457681 cotton  69 198  70 CTF212 AI727568 cotton  70 199  71 CTF213 AI727795 cotton  71 200  72 CTF214 BF_269744 cotton  72 201  73 CTF215 AI729467 cotton  73 202  74 CTF216 AI729616 cotton  74 203  75 CTF217 AI730004 cotton  75 204  76 CTF218 AI730197 cotton  76 205  77 CTF219 AI730262 cotton  77 206  78 CTF220 AI730418 cotton  78 207  79 CTF221 AI730490 cotton  79 208  80 CTF222 AI730776 cotton  80 209  81 CTF223 AI731861 cotton  81 210  82 CTF224 AW186914 cotton  82 211  83 CTF225 AW187127 cotton  83 212  84 CTF226 BE052628 cotton  84 213  85 CTF227 BE053126 cotton  85 214  86 CTF229 BF272961 cotton  86 215  87 CTF230 BF274664 cotton  87 216  88 CTF231 BF274983 cotton  88 217  89 CTF232 BF275498 cotton  89 218  90 CTF233 BF276821 cotton  90 219  91 CTF234 BG440416 cotton  91 220  92 CTF235 BG440584 cotton  92 221  93 CTF236 BG442540 cotton  93 222  94 CTF237 BG443240 cotton  94 223  95 CTF238 BG447110 cotton  95 224  96 CTF239 CO070299 cotton  96 225  97 DY000718 canola  97 226  98 MDL28470M000422 castorbean  98 227  99 CV263160 poplar  99 228 100 CA013415 barley 100 229 101 CD820239 canola 101 230 102 AW222076 tomato 102 231 103 MDL28708M000182 castorbean 103 232 104 BI129045 poplar 104 233 105 AI773326 tomato 105 234 106 EG658665 castorbean 106 235 107 BP923230 poplar 107 236 108 CN520627 poplar 108 237 109 BQ468862 barley 109 238 110 MDL29933M001398 castorbean 110 239 111 CV228068 poplar 111 240 112 CD208850 sorghum 112 241 113 DY005814 canola 113 242 114 MDL29637M000752 castorbean 114 243 115 AI161767 poplar 115 244 116 BG131373 tomato 116 245 117 EG697134 castorbean 117 246 118 BG125154 tomato 118 247 119 MDL29806M000954 castorbean 119 248 120 BI124474 poplar 120 249 121 BU831288 poplar 121 250 122 AW039858 tomato 122 251 123 EG664483 castorbean 123 252 124 BI127105 poplar 124 253 125 BU893422 poplar 125 254 126 CD822731 canola 126 255 127 DY029904 b_oleracea 127 256 128 AW441747 tomato 128 257 129 MDL29706M001328 castorbean 129 258 Table 7: Summary of genes affecting cell growth and elongation and cotton fiber characteristics

Polypeptides with significant homology to the identified cotton fiber improving genes, which are expected to serve the same function as the identified genes, have been identified from the databases using BLAST software (Table 8).

TABLE 8 Significantly homologous polypeptides to the cotton improving genes Nucleotide Polypeptide Homology SEQ ID SEQ ID to SEQ ID % NO: Cluster name Organism NO: NO Identity Algorithm 259 AU223627_T1 apple 536 148 86 tblastn 260 AU223627_T2 apple 537 148 86 tblastn 261 CN444690_T1 apple 538 186 89 tblastn 262 CN488685_T1 apple 539 152 92 tblastn 263 CN488848_T1 apple 540 148 86 tblastn 264 CN579093_T1 apple 541 152 91 tblastn 265 CN945045_T1 apple 542 186 89 tblastn 266 CO416177_T1 apple 543 187 89 tblastn 267 CV044307_T1 apricot 544 148 90 tblastn 268 CV044352_T1 apricot 545 148 91 tblastn 269 DR920252_T1 aquilegia 546 224 87 tblastn 270 DR930905_T1 aquilegia 547 186 88 tblastn 271 DR941117_T1 aquilegia 548 184 91 tblastn 272 AT1G21720_T1 arabidopsis 549 152 90 tblastn 273 AT1G77440_T1 arabidopsis 550 152 90 tblastn 274 AT3G07410_T1 arabidopsis 551 230 91 tblastn 275 AT3G46000_T1 arabidopsis 552 148 85 tblastn 276 AT3G46010_T1 arabidopsis 553 148 86 tblastn 277 AT3G46010_T2 arabidopsis 553 148 86 tblastn 278 AT3G46010_T3 arabidopsis 554 148 86 tblastn 279 AT3G46010_T4 arabidopsis 554 148 86 tblastn 280 AT4G18800_T1 arabidopsis 555 186 88 tblastn 281 AT5G04040_T1 arabidopsis 556 226 93 tblastn 282 AT5G45750_T1 arabidopsis 557 186 89 tblastn 283 AT5G59890_T1 arabidopsis 558 148 85 tblastn 284 AM061591_T1 b_oleracea 559 148 89 tblastn 285 DY013953_T1 b_oleracea 560 148 90 tblastn 286 DY026130_T1 b_oleracea 561 148 85 tblastn 287 DY026624_T1 b_oleracea 562 148 89 tblastn 288 DY027267_T1 b_oleracea 563 148 85 tblastn 289 DY027503_T1 b_oleracea 564 148 90 tblastn 290 DY027503_T2 b_oleracea 564 148 90 tblastn 291 DY027857_T1 b_oleracea 565 152 90 tblastn 292 DY028163_T1 b_oleracea 566 148 85 tblastn 293 BG543077_T1 b_rapa 567 148 85 tblastn 294 BG543272_T1 b_rapa 568 148 90 tblastn 295 BG544963_T1 b_rapa 569 148 90 tblastn 296 BQ790771_T1 b_rapa 570 242 98 tblastn 297 CO749582_T1 b_rapa 571 148 89 tblastn 298 CX272524_T1 b_rapa 572 148 85 tblastn 299 L38533_T1 b_rapa 573 230 94 tblastn 300 DN239338_T1 banana 574 148 87 tblastn 301 ES432595_T1 banana 575 152 87 tblastn 302 AL501359_T1 barley 576 152 85 tblastn 303 AL509680_T1 barley 577 152 85 tblastn 304 DY324442_T1 basilicum 578 152 90 tblastn 305 CD811679_T1 canola 579 148 90 tblastn 306 CD812137_T1 canola 580 148 85 tblastn 307 CD812887_T1 canola 581 148 85 tblastn 308 CD814124_T1 canola 582 148 90 tblastn 309 CD814355_T1 canola 583 148 85 tblastn 310 CD818629_T1 canola 584 148 85 tblastn 311 CD818688_T1 canola 585 148 90 tblastn 312 CD819087_T1 canola 586 148 89 tblastn 313 CD819123_T1 canola 587 152 90 tblastn 314 CD821129_T1 canola 588 148 89 tblastn 315 CD824095_T1 canola 589 148 89 tblastn 316 CD824392_T1 canola 590 152 89 tblastn 317 CD829819_T1 canola 591 148 85 tblastn 318 CN727283_T1 canola 592 148 85 tblastn 319 CN729295_T1 canola 593 148 85 tblastn 320 CN737714_T1 canola 594 152 90 tblastn 321 DY007433_T1 canola 595 186 86 tblastn 322 DY011922_T1 canola 596 152 88 tblastn 323 DY020991_T1 canola 597 186 86 tblastn 324 EE454178_T1 canola 598 152 89 tblastn 325 H07822_T1 canola 599 148 90 tblastn 326 EE255551_T1 castorbean 600 148 94 tblastn 327 EE258555_T1 castorbean 601 224 88 tblastn 328 EE258555_T2 castorbean 602 224 88 tblastn 329 EE259859_T1 castorbean 603 152 92 tblastn 330 EG662102_T1 castorbean 604 186 95 tblastn 331 MDL28966M000533_T1 castorbean 605 184 91 tblastn 332 MDL29646M001115_T1 castorbean 606 139 85 tblastn 333 T14887_T1 castorbean 607 148 88 tblastn 334 EE488259_T1 cherry 608 148 85 tblastn 335 BQ623399_T1 citrus 609 148 91 tblastn 336 BQ624187_T1 citrus 610 152 92 tblastn 337 BQ624753_T1 citrus 611 148 92 tblastn 338 CB291434_T1 citrus 612 186 94 tblastn 339 CF505092_T1 citrus 613 224 89 tblastn 340 CF505190_T1 citrus 614 148 92 tblastn 341 CF833473_T1 citrus 615 152 92 tblastn 342 CF838037_T1 citrus 616 187 91 tblastn 343 DY261108_T1 citrus 617 173 86 tblastn 344 DV667368_T1 coffea 618 148 93 tblastn 345 DV667647_T1 coffea 619 148 93 tblastn 346 DV668122_T1 coffea 620 231 90 tblastn 347 DV671720_T1 coffea 621 148 87 tblastn 348 DV673964_T1 coffea 622 152 94 tblastn 349 DV684181_T1 coffea 623 186 91 tblastn 350 AI725473_T1 cotton 624 187 89 tblastn 351 AI725715_T1 cotton 625 186 96 tblastn 352 AI725715_T2 cotton 626 186 96 tblastn 353 AI725715_T3 cotton 627 186 98 tblastn 354 AI726232_T1 cotton 628 186 95 tblastn 355 AI726275_T1 cotton 629 134 99 tblastn 356 AI726544_T1 cotton 630 148 89 tblastn 357 AI726815_T1 cotton 631 148 90 tblastn 358 AI726907_T1 cotton 632 147 97 tblastn 359 AI727140_T1 cotton 633 148 97 tblastn 360 AI727282_T1 cotton 634 155 97 tblastn 361 AI727959_T1 cotton 635 148 100 tblastn 362 AI728713_T1 cotton 636 148 93 tblastn 363 AI730512_T1 cotton 637 157 96 tblastn 364 AI731512_T1 cotton 638 184 95 tblastn 365 AI731769_T1 cotton 639 152 97 tblastn 366 AI732019_T1 cotton 640 137 97 tblastn 367 AW186735_T1 cotton 641 224 92 tblastn 368 BE051989_T1 cotton 642 157 97 tblastn 369 BE053515_T1 cotton 643 148 90 tblastn 370 BG441743_T1 cotton 644 139 85 tblastn 371 BG445675_T1 cotton 645 153 97 tblastn 372 BQ404948_T1 cotton 646 184 97 tblastn 373 CO076074_T2 cotton 647 225 88 tblastn 374 CO090129_T1 cotton 648 148 89 tblastn 375 CO107228_T1 cotton 649 160 90 tblastn 376 CO117171_T1 cotton 650 148 92 tblastn 377 DT563255_T1 cotton 651 186 94 tblastn 378 DW495789_T1 cotton 652 149 96 tblastn 379 CV478457_T1 flax 653 148 89 tblastn 380 BM436339_T1 grape 654 148 95 tblastn 381 BM436339_T2 grape 654 148 95 tblastn 382 BQ794373_T1 grape 655 173 85 tblastn 383 BQ796448_T1 grape 656 148 94 tblastn 384 BQ796448_T2 grape 656 148 94 tblastn 385 BQ796638_T1 grape 657 152 93 tblastn 386 BQ797077_T1 grape 658 148 93 tblastn 387 BQ797077_T2 grape 658 148 93 tblastn 388 BQ797077_T3 grape 658 148 93 tblastn 389 BQ797077_T4 grape 658 148 93 tblastn 390 CB035843_T1 grape 659 224 88 tblastn 391 CB911305_T1 grape 660 186 93 tblastn 392 CB916297_T1 grape 661 184 91 tblastn 393 CF373264_T1 grape 662 186 86 tblastn 394 CN545526_T1 grape 663 139 85 tblastn 395 EE106378_T1 grape 664 132 86 tblastn 396 BJ554624_T1 ipomoea 665 148 92 tblastn 397 BJ555556_T1 ipomoea 666 139 86 tblastn 398 BJ556366_T1 ipomoea 667 152 92 tblastn 399 BJ556502_T1 ipomoea 668 186 88 tblastn 400 BJ559892_T1 ipomoea 669 148 94 tblastn 401 BJ563588_T1 ipomoea 670 224 88 tblastn 402 CB330087_T1 ipomoea 671 173 85 tblastn 403 CJ738141_T1 ipomoea 672 231 91 tblastn 404 EE875053_T1 ipomoea 673 148 94 tblastn 405 DW043786_T1 lettuce 674 148 87 tblastn 406 DW049988_T1 lettuce 675 224 86 tblastn 407 DW052597_T1 lettuce 676 148 87 tblastn 408 DW052758_T1 lettuce 677 152 90 tblastn 409 DW053430_T1 lettuce 678 152 92 tblastn 410 DW053430_T2 lettuce 678 152 92 tblastn 411 DW074782_T1 lettuce 679 148 86 tblastn 412 DW081477_T1 lettuce 680 152 91 tblastn 413 DW081477_T2 lettuce 680 152 91 tblastn 414 DW084530_T1 lettuce 681 148 86 tblastn 415 DW135542_T1 lettuce 682 152 92 tblastn 416 BG662283_T1 lotus 683 152 92 tblastn 417 BI417319_T1 lotus 684 152 93 tblastn 418 AI586912_T1 maize 685 152 85 tblastn 419 AI714711_T1 maize 686 152 87 tblastn 420 AI920333_T1 maize 687 184 91 tblastn 421 AW054435_T1 maize 688 152 85 tblastn 422 AW056991_T1 maize 689 152 85 tblastn 423 BM500177_T1 maize 690 186 86 tblastn 424 CD945757_T1 maize 691 186 86 tblastn 425 DQ245781_T1 maize 692 148 85 tblastn 426 DQ245820_T1 maize 693 148 85 tblastn 427 AA661031_T1 medicago 694 186 85 tblastn 428 AL370167_T1 medicago 695 152 89 tblastn 429 AW686071_T1 medicago 696 148 86 tblastn 430 AW687059_T1 medicago 697 152 92 tblastn 431 BE205479_T1 medicago 698 132 86 tblastn 432 AJ827186_T1 peach 699 148 90 tblastn 433 AJ827260_T1 peach 700 148 91 tblastn 434 AJ872529_T1 peach 701 152 92 tblastn 435 BU039190_T1 peach 702 148 85 tblastn 436 CD037927_T1 peanut 703 148 94 tblastn 437 CX018158_T1 peanut 704 152 95 tblastn 438 BM064776_T1 pepper 705 152 90 tblastn 439 CA523467_T1 pepper 706 148 91 tblastn 440 AF183903_T1 petunia 707 148 89 tblastn 441 AF183904_T1 petunia 708 148 92 tblastn 442 DW177184_T1 petunia 709 139 87 tblastn 443 CO730856_T1 pineapple 710 148 88 tblastn 444 CO731353_T1 pineapple 711 148 87 tblastn 445 CO731804_T1 pineapple 712 186 89 tblastn 446 DT338785_T1 pineapple 713 148 89 tblastn 447 AA739732_T1 pine 714 152 87 tblastn 448 CO363003_T1 pine 715 152 87 tblastn 449 AI161898_T1 poplar 716 148 94 tblastn 450 AI161898_T2 poplar 717 148 93 tblastn 451 AI161898_T3 poplar 718 148 94 tblastn 452 AI161961_T1 poplar 719 148 94 tblastn 453 AI161961_T2 poplar 719 148 94 tblastn 454 AI161961_T3 poplar 720 148 92 tblastn 455 AI161961_T4 poplar 720 148 92 tblastn 456 AI162478_T1 poplar 721 152 87 tblastn 457 AI162845_T1 poplar 722 186 94 tblastn 458 BI122785_T1 poplar 723 148 90 tblastn 459 BU813699_T1 poplar 724 148 89 tblastn 460 BU813699_T2 poplar 724 148 89 tblastn 461 BU836906_T1 poplar 725 186 93 tblastn 462 BU875572_T1 poplar 726 139 85 tblastn 463 BU875572_T2 poplar 726 139 85 tblastn 464 CV228249_T1 poplar 727 224 88 tblastn 465 CV237204_T1 poplar 728 152 86 tblastn 466 CV237204_T2 poplar 728 152 86 tblastn 467 BE344367_T1 potato 729 148 91 tblastn 468 BG593676_T1 potato 730 245 89 tblastn 469 BG597337_T1 potato 731 148 90 tblastn 470 BG598410_T1 potato 732 247 97 tblastn 471 BG598410_T2 potato 733 247 97 tblastn 472 BG888799_T1 potato 734 152 88 tblastn 473 BQ118661_T1 potato 735 139 85 tblastn 474 BQ118661_T2 potato 736 139 85 tblastn 475 BQ516531_T1 potato 737 148 91 tblastn 476 CK851382_T1 potato 738 148 91 tblastn 477 CN212590_T1 potato 739 251 93 tblastn 478 CN212590_T2 potato 739 251 93 tblastn 479 AF327517_T1 rice 740 186 86 tblastn 480 BI118688_T1 rice 741 152 85 tblastn 481 BI795939_T1 rice 742 148 85 tblastn 482 U38037_T1 rice 743 152 85 tblastn 483 U38037_T2 rice 743 152 85 tblastn 484 BQ104946_T1 rose 744 148 92 tblastn 485 EC586289_T1 rose 745 186 89 tblastn 486 EC588463_T1 rose 746 148 88 tblastn 487 BU669008_T1 sesame 747 148 94 tblastn 488 AW285608_T1 sorghum 748 152 86 tblastn 489 BE592644_T1 sorghum 749 152 87 tblastn 490 BE595956_T1 sorghum 750 184 91 tblastn 491 AW349054_T1 soybean 751 186 86 tblastn 492 AW349285_T1 soybean 752 148 87 tblastn 493 AW349636_T1 soybean 753 152 92 tblastn 494 AW569132_T1 soybean 754 152 92 tblastn 495 BE352761_T1 soybean 755 187 89 tblastn 496 BE659353_T1 soybean 756 139 85 tblastn 497 BE659353_T2 soybean 756 139 85 tblastn 498 BE661354_T1 soybean 757 148 89 tblastn 499 BI969429_T1 soybean 758 152 93 tblastn 500 BI971168_T1 soybean 759 148 88 tblastn 501 CA852085_T1 soybean 760 186 86 tblastn 502 CD390653_T1 soybean 761 148 93 tblastn 503 AF051246_T1 spruce 762 152 87 tblastn 504 AF051246_T2 spruce 762 152 87 tblastn 505 CA069331_T1 sugarcane 763 152 87 tblastn 506 CA106361_T1 sugarcane 764 152 86 tblastn 507 CA118153_T1 sugarcane 765 186 86 tblastn 508 CD851311_T1 sunflower 766 152 90 tblastn 509 CD851311_T2 sunflower 766 152 90 tblastn 510 CX943625_T1 sunflower 767 148 85 tblastn 511 DY914967_T1 sunflower 768 152 90 tblastn 512 DN772748_T1 thellungiella 769 148 89 tblastn 513 BP130889_T1 tobacco 770 247 86 tblastn 514 BP136053_T1 tobacco 771 152 89 tblastn 515 BP136053_T2 tobacco 771 152 89 tblastn 516 CV017679_T1 tobacco 772 148 90 tblastn 517 CV017893_T1 tobacco 773 148 92 tblastn 518 CV019967_T1 tobacco 774 148 90 tblastn 519 CV020081_T1 tobacco 775 224 86 tblastn 520 CV021812_T1 tobacco 776 148 89 tblastn 521 EB424751_T1 tobacco 777 148 87 tblastn 522 EB426768_T1 tobacco 778 148 92 tblastn 523 BG124262_T1 tomato 779 148 90 tblastn 524 BG126286_T1 tomato 780 148 91 tblastn 525 BG127143_T1 tomato 781 152 88 tblastn 526 BG133022_T1 tomato 782 224 86 tblastn 527 BG629194_T1 tomato 783 148 89 tblastn 528 BG643389_T1 tomato 784 186 88 tblastn 529 BE398818_T1 wheat 785 152 86 tblastn 530 BE403180_T1 wheat 786 152 85 tblastn 531 BE490465_T1 wheat 787 152 85 tblastn 532 BF202079_T1 wheat 788 186 86 tblastn 533 BF484998_T1 wheat 789 229 93 tblastn 534 BQ806763_T1 wheat 790 152 85 tblastn 535 CA610895_T1 wheat 791 152 86 tblastn Table 8: Significantly homologous polypeptides to the cotton improving genes.

Example 5 Cloning of the Selected Genes in a Binary Vector Under Constitutive Regulation and Recombinant Expression of Same

Bioinformatics Analysis

Open Reading Frame (ORF) analysis—Gene sequences of the present study were analyzed for ORFs using Gene Runner software version 3.05 [Hasting Software, Inc: World Wide Web (dot) generunner (dot) com/]. ORFs of each gene were compared to Genbank database, using Blast [World Wide Web (dot) ncbi (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/BLAST/]. By comparing to the highest homologous ORFs, the position of the ATG initiation codon was determined. All the sequences described herein were shown to have a predicted full length ORF and to include the predicted ATG starting codon.

Experimental Procedures and Results

Cloning into the pPI/pGI expression vector—For cloning the genes of the present study, total RNAs from the various developmental stages of fiber producing cells was extracted, using Hot Borate RNA Extraction from Cotton Tissue grown in Rehovot, Israel, according to World Wide Web (dot) eeob (dot) iastate (dot) edu/faculty/WendelJ/rnaextraction (dot) html. Complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules were produced from mRNA using M-MuLV reverse-transcriptase (RT) enzyme (Roche) and T₁₆NN DNA primer, following protocol provided by the manufacturer. cDNA amplification was done for 19 genes, out of the sequences above, namely CTF clones: CTF101, CTF110, CTF111, CTF113, CTF124, CTF132, CTF135, CTF162, CTF165, CTF166, CTF167, CTF169, CTF171, CTF172, CTF173, CTF175, CTF176, CTF177 and CTF178 (SEQ ID NOs:1-17, 22 and 37; Table 7 hereinabove) by PCR using PFU proof reading DNA polymerase enzyme [Promega, World Wide Web (dot) promega (dot) com/pnotes/68/7381_07/7381_07 (dot) html] following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Primers for each gene were designed to span the full ORF. Additional restriction endonuclease sites were added to the 5′ end of each primer to facilitate further cloning of the CTFs to the binary vector (pPI). Table 9 below, lists the primers used for cloning each of the genes:

TABLE 9 Primers used to clone each of the genes upstream downstream CTF Forward Primer/ Reverse Primer/ restriction restriction No. SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: site site CTF101 CACCCGGGACCACCATC GAGAGCTCTCCAAAATTGAC Sma Sac AAACCACATCC/801 ACACCAGG/802 CTF110 AACCCGGGTTCCCTTTCC CACCCGGGTACCTAAAGTTG Sma Sma AAGCTTCAGC/803 CAGCTTGC/804 CTF111 TTCCCGGGTTGCCTTTTT CAGAGCTCTTGTTTATGAATC Sma Sac GTCATTTCCC/805 CACTTTGGG/806 CTF113 GACCCGGGAAACGATGG CAGAGCTCTTGGAATTGAAA Sma Sac AGGATCTTGCC/807 TGTCATTACAGAG/808 CTF124 TTCCCGGGCACTCTTCAT TTGAGCTCTGGATTTCTGAAA Sma Sac TCCTCACCTACTC/809 ACAACCG/810 CTF132 AACCCGGGCACCACCTC TTGAGCTCTGCTCTTATATCA Sma Sac CACTCACCTTC/811 TGTGAAGGC/812 CTF135 CACCCGGGAACTCTTCA ACGAGCTCAGCTAGATAAAT Sma Sac AGACCATTCGAC/813 CACAACCATCC/814 CTF162 TGCCCGGGTTCAGCGTT GTGAGCTCTGCCTGACACATT Sma Sac CGAATCCATG/815 GACATGC/816 CTF165 CTCCCGGGTTTGAAGCT TTGAGCTCAGGGACCAATTT Sma Sac CAGGAACTAATGG/817 GTTGCCA/818 CTF166 ACGATATCAAGAATCCG CTGAGCTCGGAAGTAAATTT EcoRV Sac ACCCGGTAAC/819 GGACACTCG/820 CTF167 AACCCGGGCCCTAAGAT TGGAGCTCAATAATCATGTG Sma Sac GACAAACCAAGA/821 GCAGTAGTTTG/822 CTF169 GACCCGGGAAACATGGA CGGAGCTCAAAAGCATTCAG Sma Sac AGGAGACGATG/823 AACAACCAG/824 CTF171 AGCCCGGGAAACATGTT AGGAGCTCAATTACAACCAA Sma Sac TGCAGGAGATCAG/825 AGGTTAACCC/826 CTF172 ACCCCGGGGAGCTCTGG CTCCCGGGTAGACTTGTAGT Sma Sma ATACAGTTAAGAATC/827 AAAGCATGTATCC/828 CTF173 ATCCCGGGAGTTAACTG TCGAGCTCAACAACTATACC Sma Sac GTCTCTTCTGATGTC/829 AGTCATTGCTTC/830 CTF175 AGGATATCTTTCGATCA GCGAGCTCGTAGTGACGTCA EcoRV Sac CCGTGATGGC/831 CCGGTTC/832 CTF176 GACCCGGGAGACACACA AAGAGCTCTATCACTTACATC Sma Sac AAGCGAGAAGG/833 CTAGGCAGC/834 CTF177 TTCCCGGGTCTGGCTTG AAGAGCTCGCATTGAACTTC Sma Sac AAAATGGTGTG/835 ATCATCTGTAAG/836 CTF178 CGCCCGGGTTTTTCCAA CACCCGGGCCAATAAACAAT Sma Sma CTAAGGTTAGGC/837 AGCACTGC/838

The resultant PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany), digested with the appropriate restriction endonucleases (Roche) and cloned into the pPI or pGI binary vector (FIG. 1), while replacing the existing GUS reporter gene. pPI is a modified version of pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. U12640). pPI was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, which originated from pGL3 Basic plasmid vector (Promega, GenBank Accession No. U47295, where the synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence is located between nucleotides 4658-4811), into the HindIII restriction site of pBI101.3 [while reconstituting the HindIII site, downstream to the poly-(A) insert], to avoid the possibility of read-through effect of the upstream Nos-promoter. In some cases the backbone binary plasmid used was pGI which is similar to pPI but the GUS gene was replaced by the GUS-Intron gene (Vancanneyt. G, et al MGG 220, 245-50, 1990). To replace the GUS/GUS-Intron gene with each one of the CT genes in the pPI/pGI binary vector, pPI/pGI was digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes [5′ prime restriction enzyme is either SmaI or XbaI and 3′ prime restriction enzyme is either SacI or EcoRV (Roche—using the protocol provided by the manufacturer)]. Open binary vector was purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany). 5-75 ng of PCR product of each of the CTF genes and 100 ng of open pPI/pGI plasmid vector were ligated in 10 μL ligation reaction volume using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche), following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells.

Recombinant expression in bacteria—60 μl of E. coli, strain DH5-α competent cells (about 10⁹ cells/ml) were transformed using 1 μl of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad). E. coli cells were grown on 0.8 ml LB liquid medium at 37° C. for 1 hour and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. Bacteria colonies were grown and expression was confirmed by PCR amplification using primers which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for DNA amplification of the inserts in the pPI binary vector were: 5′-GGTGGCTCCTACAAATGCCATC-3′ (forward, SEQ ID NO:839) and 5′-AAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGT-3′ (reverse, SEQ ID NO:840).

PCR products were separated on 1.5% agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the same primers previously used for PCR amplification (See Table 9, above).

Additional primers, which were designed based on the sequence of each gene insert, were used to complete the sequencing of the full length ORF insert.

Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed to verify that the clones were introduced in the right orientation, and to eliminate the possibility that sequence errors were included during PCR amplification. DNA sequences were determined using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc). The cloned cDNA sequences of 17 cotton genes are provided (SEQ ID NOs:906-922), as well as their deduced amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOs:923-939). In most cases, minute changes were found between the bioinformatically predicted sequence and the cloned ones, probably due to allelic variations and sequence quality of the ESTs in the database.

Into each one of the 19 pPI/pGI binary constructs harboring the CTF genes, the constitutive Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter was cloned.

Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:841), originated from the pBI121 vector (Clontech, GenBank Accession No. AF485783) was cloned by digesting the pBI121 vector with the restriction endonucleases HindIII and BamHI (Roche) and ligated into the binary constructs, digested with the same enzymes.

Example 6 Agrobacterium Transformation of Binary Plasmids Harboring the Genes of Interest and Expression in Tomato Plants

In a previous study the present inventors have demonstrated the potential of using tomato seed hair as a model for cotton fiber (PCT IL2005/000627). Thus, to demonstrate the effect of the isolated fiber improving genes of the present study on fiber growth, tomato plants were transformed with the binary vectors comprising the isolated cotton genes under the transcriptional regulation of the 35S promoter. Each of the nineteen binary constructs, comprising the 35S promoter upstream of each of the CTFs genes was transformed into tomato plants via Agrobacterium tumefacience transformation, as follows.

Experimental Procedures and Results

Transformation of the binary constructs comprising the 35S promoter upstream of the CTF genes into tomato plants via Agrobacterium tumefacience—60 μl of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV301 or LB4404 competent cells (about 10⁹ cells/ml) were transformed with 20 ng of binary plasmid via electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad).

Agrobacterium cells were grown on 0.8 ml LB liquid medium at 28° C. for 3 hours and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics gentamycin 50 mg/L (for Agrobacterium strains GV301) or streptomycin 300 mg/L (for Agrobacterium strain LB4404) and kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. Agrobacterium colonies were grown and PCR amplification was performed on Agrobacterium cells, using primers which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector.

Primers used for PCR amplification were: 5′-GGTGGCTCCTACAAATGCCATC-3′ (forward, SEQ ID NO:839) and 5′-AAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGT-3′ (reverse, SEQ ID NO:840).

PCR products were separated on 1.5% agarose gels and product sizes were determined by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the primers which were used for the PCR amplification. Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed using the ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc.) in order to verify that the right clones were introduced into the Agrobacterium cells.

Transformation of Micro-Tom tomato plants with putative cotton genes—Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, var MicroTom) transformation and cultivation of transgenic plants was effected according to Curtis et al. 1995, and Meissner et. al. 2000, with slight modifications.

Example 7 Growth of MicroTom Transformed Plants and Phenotype Characterizations

Experimental Procedures

Producing transgenic tomato plants—Plants were transformed as described in Example 6, above. Following transformation, T1 MicroTom tomato plants were grown in a mix that contained in 1000 ml pots until fruit set. The tomato seed hair length was measured.

Experimental Results

The micro-Tom tomato seeds (T2, origin from T1 plants), which carry the putative cotton genes following the transformation with Agrobacterium cells carrying the CTF genes, were analyzed (Table 10, hereinbelow). Least Sq mean are the predicted values corresponding to some combination of levels, after setting all the other factors to some neutral value (JMP™ V5). For each gene, the overall mean influence of the gene (least Sq mean), and the event that gave the best results (Best event), which can pinpoint on the potential of the gene, is shown in Table 10, hereinbelow. we demonstrate the results of. The letters “A, B and C” refer to genes that are significantly different from each other at P<0.05.

TABLE 10 Analysis of Micro-Tom tomato seeds carrying the putative cotton genes % of Number Significant Best of in- Least (t-Test % event dependent Sq compare compare Best compare Gene events Mean to wt) to wt event to wt CTF165 10 33.8 A 21 40.0 43 CTF172 10 33.2 A 19 36.3 30 CTF167 9 32.5 A 16 42.7^(a) 53 Expansin 8 32.0 A 15 35.0 25 (SEQ ID NO: 905) CTF178 7 31.9 A 14 38.3 37 CTF135 8 30.8 A 10 37.3 34 CTF124 9 30.0 B 7 31.7 13 CTF169 11 29.9 B 7 39.3^(b) 41 CTF166 9 29.8 B 7 36.0^(b) 29 CTF111 8 28.8 B 3 35.0^(b) 25 WT — 27.9 B 0 CTF113 7 27.0 B −3 31.0 11 CTF110 9 27.0 B −4 39.0^(b) 40 CT101 7 23.4 C −16 26.0 −7 Table 10: Analysis of Micro-Tom tomato seeds (T2, origin from T1 plants) carrying the putative cotton genes is presented. ^(a)Best event was significantly higher than expansin best event; ^(b)Best event was significantly higher than WT.

Example 8 Isolation, Cloning and Analysis of Cotton Fiber Specific Promoters

One of the important requirements for engineered plants is to activate the right gene in the right place. In order to improve fiber quality, a basic requirement for engineered plants is a promoter providing an expression pattern that is appropriate for fiber development. Constitutive promoters allow expression of preformed genes in which the effect of the protein is present continuously throughout the plant. The CaMV35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus is a widely used example. In order to improve cotton fiber quality, it is advantageous to combine target genes with fiber specific promoter, to avoid influence of the genes on the cell structure in other cotton tissues, and to activate the genes at the fiber tissue in the right development stage (initiation, elongation, maturation, fiber constitutive). The present inventors have selected and cloned the genomic sequence of novel cotton fiber promoters, as follows.

Experimental Procedures and Results

Cloning of promoter sequences of native cotton genes—The desired cotton promoters were chosen based on the expression profile of their encoded native genes. Expression profiles of the chosen 4 cotton genes CT4 (SEQ ID NO:842), CT9 (SEQ ID NO:843), CT11 (SEQ ID NO:844) and CT74 (SEQ ID NO:845) are presented in FIGS. 2a -d.

The genomic sequence upstream of CT4, CT9, CT11, and CT74 were cloned from genomic DNA of cotton (Gossypium barbdanse L. var S5), as follows.

Total genomic DNA was extracted from plant leaf tissues of 4 week old cultivated cotton plants (Gossypium barbdanse L. var S5), using DNA extraction kit (Dneasy plant mini kit, Qiagen, Germany). For promoter isolation the BD GenomeWalker™ kit (BD Biosciences Clontech) was used. In addition to the 4 restriction enzymes used in the kit, the blunt end restriction enzymes SmaI, EcoRV and Ecl136II were also used. For each promoter, a set of two specific primers were used for the first round:

Primers for CT4 Promoter were as Follows (UP-PCR):

External primer: CT4 GSP_R- (SEQ ID NO: 846) 5′-GTGGACCCTGAAACATACTCACCAGC-3′; Internal (Nested) primer: CT4 GSP_NR- (SEQ ID NO: 847) 5′-AAGCCATATTGCCAATGTCACTTCCTC-3′;

For CT4 promoter the library was originated from StuI restriction enzyme.

The putative promoter sequence of CT4 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:848.

Primers for CT74 Promoter were as Follows (UP-PCR):

External primer: CT74 GSP_R- (SEQ ID NO: 849) 5′-GCATGAGGGTCAGGAGCTGGATAGTAG-3′; Internal (Nested) primer: CT74 GSP_NR- (SEQ ID NO: 850) 5′-CTTCTTTGCCTCTCCATCTCTGTATGC-3′

For CT74 promoter the library was originated from DraI and PvuII restriction enzymes.

The putative promoter sequence of CT74 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:851.

Primers for CT11 Promoter were as Follows (UP-PCR):

External primer: CT11 GSP_R- (SEQ ID NO: 852) 5′-ACCTGAGGTATTTTGGTAAGAGTTCCG-3′. Internal (Nested) primer: CT11 GSP_NR- (SEQ ID NO: 853) 5′-CCAATTCAGCTTTCGGAAAATCACG-3′.

For CT11 promoter the library was originated from SmaI and StuI restriction enzymes.

The putative promoter sequence of CT11 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:854.

Primers for CT9 Promoter were as Follows (UP-PCR):

External primer: CT9 GSP_R- (SEQ ID NO: 855) 5′-GGCATTTTTAAGATGTGAAACGTCGG-3′. Internal (Nested) primer: CT9 GSP_NR- (SEQ ID NO: 856) 5′-GCTCGACTTTGGGTGGACATGTATGTAG-3′.

For CT9 promoter the library was originated from DraI and SmaI restriction enzymes.

The putative promoter sequence of CT9 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:857.

PCR products were purified using PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and sequencing of the amplified PCR products was performed, using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc).

For cloning the putative promoters and 5′ UTRs, PCR amplification was carried out using a new set of primers (below) to which 8-12 bp extension that included one restriction site (HindIII, SalI, XbaI, BamHI, or SmaI) on the 5′ end. For each promoter, restriction sites that do not exist in the promoter sequence were selected. Moreover, the restriction sites in the primer sequences were designed so the resultant PCR products were cloned into the binary vector pPI or pGI (see Example 5 above) in the right orientation, upstream of the GUS reporter gene.

Following are the primers used for promoter and 5′ UTR (P+U) amplification and cloning into pPI.

CT74_1000:

CT74-pro-F-H (HindIII):- (SEQ ID NO: 858) 5′-ATACAAGCTTGTTGAGGGAGATTGATTTCTTTGG-3′; and CT74-pro-R-SL (SalI):- (SEQ ID NO: 859) 5′-CAAAGTCGACAAGATTGGAAGATGTGTGAGTTGAG-3′.

CT74_1400:

CT74-pro-F-H-2 (HindIII):- (SEQ ID NO: 860) 5′-TGTTAAGCTTGTAAAATCACAGGCTAACTATCACTC-3′; and CT74-pro-R-SL (SalI):. (SEQ ID NO: 859)

CT74_1700:

CT74_pro_F_H_3 (HindIII):- (SEQ ID NO: 861) 5′-GTCGAAGCTTTGGTCTGTCCGGATCACTGTG-3′; and CT74-pro-R-SL (SalI):. (SEQ ID NO: 859)

CT4_1000:

CT4-pro-F-H (HindIII):- (SEQ ID NO: 862) 5′-ACTTAAGCTTGGTAAAACTTCAACTTGCCTTTG-3′; and CT4-pro-R-SL (SalI):- (SEQ ID NO: 863) 5′-CAAAGTCGACTTGCCAATGTCACTTCCTCCC-3′.

CT4_1400:

CT4_pro_F_H_2 (HindIII):- (SEQ ID NO: 864) 5′-CAACAAGCTTAGCATGCCACTTTTCACCATC-3′; and CT4-pro-R-SL (SalI):. (SEQ ID NO: 863)

CT11_730:

CT 11_pro_F_SL(SalI):- (SEQ ID NO: 865) 5′-ATATGTCGACATTGAGGCCATTAAAGTTCATC-3′; and CT11_pro_R_Xb (XbaI):- (SEQ ID NO: 866) 5′-CATTCTAGATCTCTTTGATCACTTGCACCTG-3′

CT9_650:

CT9_pro_F_H (HindIII):- (SEQ ID NO: 867) 5′-TTCGAAGCTTGTCTCCCGTCTAAACTTATCCTG-3′; and CT9_pro_R_SL (SalI):- (SEQ ID NO: 868) 5′-AGGAGTCGACCATGTATGTAGTAATGATAGCAGCTG-3′.

Genomic DNA or the IPCR/UP-PCR product was used as DNA template for PCR-amplification, using the newly designed oligonucleotide primers. PCR products were purified (PCR Purification Kit, Qiagen, Germany) and digested with the restriction sites exist in the primers (Roche, Switzerland). The digested PCR products were re-purified and cloned into the binary vector pPI/pGI, which was digested with the same restriction enzymes. PCR product and the open plasmid vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche, Switzerland).

Example 9 Transforming Agrobacterium Tumefacience Cells with Binary Vectors Harboring Cotton Fiber Promoters

pPI/pGI Binary vector, including either CT4, CT11, CT9 or CT74 promoter, upstream to the GUS reporter gene were used to transform Agrobacterium cells.

Experimental Procedures and Results

Transformation of binary vectors including cotton fibers promoters into Agrobacterium tumefaciens—The binary vectors were introduced to Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV301, or LB4404 competent cells (about 10⁹ cells/ml) by electroporation. Electroporation was performed using a MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad). The treated cells were cultured in LB liquid medium at 28° C. for 3 hours, then plated over LB agar supplemented with gentamycin (50 mg/L; for Agrobacterium strains GV301) or streptomycin (300 mg/L; for Agrobacterium strain LB4404) and kanamycin (50 mg/L) at 28° C. for 48 hours. Agrobacterium colonies which developed on the selective media were analyzed by PCR using the primers set forth in SEQ ID NO:869 101F: 5′-GCTATGACCATGATTACGCC-3′ and SEQ ID NO:870 GUSREV: 5′-CTGCATCGGCGAACTGATCG-3′, which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the pPI/pGI plasmid. The resulting PCR products were isolated and sequenced, to verify that the correct sequences were properly introduced to the Agrobacterium cells.

Example 10 Cotton Fiber Specific Promoters are Expressed in Tomato Leaves and Fruits, and in Arabidopsis and Cotton Plants

To illustrate specific expression in arabidopsis and tomato trichomes and in tomato fruits, GUS staining was performed on transformed plants, as follows.

Experimental Procedures

Transformation of Micro-Tom tomato plants with putative cotton promoters—Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, var MicroTom) transformation and cultivation of transgenic plants was performed according to Curtis et al. 1995, and Meissner et. al. 2000.

Transformation and cultivation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with putative cotton promoters—Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia plants (T0 plants) were transformed using the Floral Dip procedure described by Clough and Bent (1998) and by Desfeux et al. (2000), with minor modifications. Briefly, T0 Plants were sown in 250 ml pots filled with wet peat-based growth mix. The pots were covered with aluminum foil and a plastic dome, kept at 4° C. for 3-4 days, then uncovered and incubated in a growth chamber at 18-24° C. under 16/8 hours light/dark cycles. The T0 plants were ready for transformation six days prior to anthesis. Single colonies of Agrobacterium carrying the binary constructs, were cultured in LB medium supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/L) and gentamycin (50 mg/L). The cultures were incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours under vigorous shaking and then centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The pellets comprising Agrobacterium cells were resuspended in a transformation medium containing half-strength (2.15 g/L) Murashig-Skoog (Duchefa); 0.044 μM benzylamino purine (Sigma); 112 μg/L B5 Gambourg vitamins (Sigma); 5% sucrose; and 0.2 ml/L Silwet L-77 (OSI Specialists, CT) in double-distilled water, at pH of 5.7. Transformation of T0 plants was effected by inverting each plant into an Agrobacterium suspension, such that the above ground plant tissue was submerged for 3-5 seconds. Each inoculated T0 plant was immediately placed in a plastic tray, then covered with clear plastic dome to maintain humidity and was kept in the dark at room temperature for 18 hours, to facilitate infection and transformation. Transformed (i.e., transgenic) plants were then uncovered and transferred to a greenhouse for recovery and maturation.

The transgenic T0 plants were grown in the greenhouse for 3-5 weeks until siliques were brown and dry. Seeds were harvested from plants and kept at room temperature until sowing. For generating T1 transgenic plants harboring the genes, seeds collected from transgenic T0 plants were surface-sterilized by soaking in 70% ethanol for 1 minute, followed by soaking in 5% sodium hypochloride and 0.05% triton for 5 minutes. The surface-sterilized seeds were thoroughly washed in sterile distilled water then placed on culture plates containing half-strength Murashig-Skoog (Duchefa); 2% sucrose; 0.8% plant agar; 50 mM kanamycin; and 200 mM carbenicylin (Duchefa). The culture plates were incubated at 4° C. for 48 hours then transferred to a growth room at 25° C. for an additional week of incubation. Vital T1 Arabidopsis plants were transferred to a fresh culture plates for another week of incubation. Following incubation the T1 plants were removed from culture plates and planted in growth mix contained in 250 ml pots. The transgenic plants were allowed to grow in a greenhouse to maturity.

Transformation of cotton tissues with putative cotton promoters—The newly cloned cotton promoters could be evaluated directly in cotton plants by transforming the cloned binary vectors into cotton tissues for either transient expression (Kim H J, Triplett B A. 2001), or stable gene transformation, by using commonly used protocols.

GUS staining—Gus staining of arabidopsis and tomato plants was performed according to a routine protocol described elsewhere (Jefferson R A. et. al. 1987, Meissner et. al. 2000). Briefly, leaves are fixed in 90% ice cold acetone for 15-20 minutes (on ice), followed by removing acetone, rinsing tissue with the Working Solution [25 mM Sodium Phosphate (Sigma, USA) buffer pH=7, Ferricyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Ferrocyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Triton X-100 (Sigma, USA) 0.25%, EDTA (BioLab, Israel) 0.25 mM] for 15-20 minutes (repeat twice). Rinse solution is removed, replaced with Staining solution [Working solution with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronic acid (X-GlcA, Duchefa) solubilized in N,N-Dimethylformamide (BioLab, Israel) 1.5 mg/ml and Dithiothreitol (DTT, Bio Lab) 100 mM] in dark (tubes wrapped with aluminum foil) and incubated over night at 37° C. Distaining is carried by sinking the plant tissue in 70% ethanol and heating at 50° C. for about 2 hours. Distaining step is repeated until the plant tissue becomes transparent except the blue stained regions. Distained plants are stored in 70% ethanol (BioLab, Israel) at room temperature.

Experimental Results

Table 11, hereinbelow, summarizes the information on the cotton gene clusters and their cloned and evaluated promoters used by the present inventors.

TABLE 11 Cotton gene clusters and cloned promoters ORF- Tissue Expression Expression Promoter Promoter Promoter Annotation Specificity Level Description Origin Length CT4 Cytochrome Fiber medium Expressed G. barbdanse 1400 P450 specific during all L. var S5 fiber development stages CT74 Protodermal Fiber high Expressed G. barbdanse 1000 factor 1 specific during all L. var S5 (PDF1), fiber development stages

GUS staining on T1 Arabidopsis plants—GUS was expressed under the regulation of CT4 and CT74, promoters in the genetically transformed Arabidopsis plants. As shown in FIGS. 3a-f high level of expression was obtained in the leafs of Arabidopsis plants under the control of the CT4 (FIG. 3b ) or CT74 (FIG. 3c ) promoters as well as in the root tips under the control of the CT74 promoter (FIG. 3f ).

GUS staining on T1 tomato plants—Results for tomato T1 generation are summarized in the Table 12, below.

TABLE 12 Arabidopsis - Reporter gene expression regulated by the two novel promoters compared to 35S promoter Average Intensity Leaf Promoter Leaf trichome Pore Root Root Tips CT4 0 1 3 0 0 SEQ ID NO: 848 CT74 1 2 5 0 5 SEQ ID NO: 851 35S 4 2 2 5 5 SEQ ID NO: 841 Table 12: The intensity levels of expression represent an average of 4 independents events and are expressed by arbitrary numbers from 1 to 5, where 1 = low expression, and 5 = highest intensity, as was estimated by two independent observers. ND—not determined.

As shown in Table 12, a high level of expression is obtained under the control of CT4 promoter in the pores. In addition, a high level of expression is obtained under the control of the CT74 promoter in the root tips and pores, and a moderate level of expression is obtained in the leaf trichomes.

Altogether, these results demonstrate the isolation of a set of cotton fiber specific promoters which allow expression of the candidate genes at the right time and right strength. Thus, the four new fiber specific promoters which were identified, isolated and characterized in the present study exhibit different levels of expression: very high (CT74), high (CT9), moderate (CT4) and low expression (CT11). These promoters were shown to represent different patterns of expression: initiation (CT4), elongation (CT9 and CT74) and constitutive expression (CT11).

Example 11 Agroinjection of Cotton Developed Balls A New Tool for Rapid Analysis of Genes and Promoters Directly in Developed Fibers

In order to demonstrate fiber related gene expression, the genes should be over-expressed in the relevant tissue, the ovule. To-date, a transient expression system, which uses natural grown cotton ovules/fibers, does not exist. The present inventors have devised a method of infecting cotton ovule cells using agroinjection in order to demonstrate over expression of fiber related genes on fiber development, as follows.

Briefly, the assay is based on the co-expression of a marker gene and a tested gene. A green-fluorescent-protein (GFP) (SEQ ID NO:871) or GUS-intron (GUSint, SEQ ID NO:872) as a reporter gene is cloned under regulation of CT2 fiber specific promoter (SEQ ID NO:873) (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.) in cis to the tested fiber related genes CT1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, and 4 (SEQ ID NOs:874-892) (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.) under regulation of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841). Expression of the reporter gene pinpoints on the fibers that were successfully transformed with the construct. Those “reporter-positive” fibers are analyzed for fiber characteristics. The binary vector backbone is pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. U12640).

Experimental Procedures

I. Cloning of the Selected Genes in a Binary Vector Under Constitutive Regulation and in Cis to CT2 Promoter::GFP Recombinant Expression:

Cloning GFP into the pGI expression vector—For cloning the GFP gene, primers for the GFP gene were designed to span the full ORF from the binary vector pGFP(+ATG)+35S. Additional restriction endonuclease sites were added to the 5′ end of each primer (GFP_ORF_F_Sm2 and GFP_R_Sc) to facilitate further cloning of the GFP to the binary vector (pGI). Primers used for PCR amplification were: GFP_ORF_F_Sm2: 5′-GACCCGGGAAACAATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAAC-3′ (forward, SEQ ID NO:893); and GFP_R_Sc: 5′-TTGAGCTCTCATCAGGTTGACTTGTATAGTTCATCCATG-3′ (reverse, SEQ ID NO:894).

The resultant PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany), digested with SmaI/SacI restriction endonucleases (Roche) and cloned into the pGI binary vector (FIG. 1), while replacing the existing GUSint reporter gene. pGI is a modified version of pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. U12640). pGI was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, which originated from pGL3 Basic plasmid vector (Promega, GenBank Accession No. U47295, where the synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence is located between nucleotides 4658-4811), into the HindIII restriction site of pBI101.3 (while reconstituting the HindIII site, downstream to the poly-(A) insert), to avoid the possibility of read-through effect of the upstream Nos-promoter and replace GUS for GUSint. To replace the GUSint gene with the GFP gene in the pGI binary vector, pGI was digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes [5′ prime restriction SmaI and 3′ prime restriction enzyme SacI (Roche—using the protocol provided by the manufacturer)]. Open binary vector was purified from the gel using NucleoTrap kit (Macherey-Nagel). 5-75 ng of a PCR product of the GFP gene and 100 ng of open pGI plasmid vector were ligated in 10 μl ligation reaction volume using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche), following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells. The new constructs were designated pGFP(−35S).

Recombinant expression in bacteria—60 μl of E. coli, strain DH5-α competent cells (about 10⁹ cells/ml) were transformed using 1 μl of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (BioRad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (BioRad) and EC-2 electroporation program (BioRad). E. coli cells were grown on 1 ml LB liquid medium at 37° C. for 1 hour and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. Bacteria colonies were grown and expression was confirmed by PCR amplification using primers that were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for DNA amplification of the inserts in the pGFP(−35S) binary vector were: 101F 5′-GCTATGACCATGATTACGCC-3′: (forward, SEQ ID NO:869) and NOS_R: 5′-GCGGGACTCTAATCATAAAAACC-3′ (reverse SEQ ID NO:895).

PCR products were separated on 1% agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the same primers previously used for PCR amplification.

Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed to verify that the clones were introduced in the right orientation, and to eliminate the possibility that sequence errors were included during PCR amplification. DNA sequences were determined using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc).

CT2 promoter sequence, originated from the pGI+CT2 promoter (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627 to the present inventors) was cloned by digesting the pGI+CT2 promoter vector with the restriction endonucleases HindIII and BamHI (Roche) and ligated into the binary constructs (pGFP(−35S)), digested with the same enzymes. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies with primers: (forward 101F, SEQ ID NO:869) and (reverse GFP_R1, SEQ ID NO:896 5′-CACCTTCACCCTCTCCACTG-3′).

pCT vectors, harboring the tested genes [CT1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 4, SEQ ID NOs. 874-892; (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.)] were digested with the restriction endonuclease HindIII (Roche) and dephosphorylated with Alkaline Phosphatase (shrimp; Roche). The CT2 promoter::GFP was amplified using primer including HindIII restriction enzyme site. Primers used for PCR amplification were: CT2_pro_H: 5′-TTCAAGCTTTTTTTGTTTGTTGTGGGGG-3′ (forward, SEQ ID NO:897) and NOS_ter_R_H: 5′-GGTTAAGCTTCGACGGCCAGTGAATTCC-3′ (reverse, SEQ ID NO:898).

The resultant PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany) digested with HindIII (Roche) and cloned into each of the pCT dephosphorylation binary vectors (See FIG. 6 for an exemplary vector). Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies with primers: (forward 101F, SEQ ID NO:869) and 35S_R: 5′-GGACCACTGTCGGTAGAGGC-3′ (reverse, SEQ ID NO:899).

II. Cloning of the Selected Genes in a Binary Vector Under Constitutive Regulation and in Cis to CT2 Promoter::GUS Recombinant Expression:

Cloning the tested genes into the pGI+CT2-promoter expression vector—For cloning the tested genes under regulation of 35S promoter, primers for the 35S promoter and NOS terminator were designed. Additional HindIII (Roche) restriction endonuclease sites were added to the 5′ end of each primer to facilitate further cloning of the tested genes [CT1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 4, SEQ ID NOs:874-892; (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.)], to the binary vector (pGI+CT2 promoter). Primers used for PCR amplification were: 5′-TTCTCTAAGCTTGCATGCCTGC-3′ (forward, SEQ ID NO:900) and 5′-GGTTAAGCTTCGACGGCCAGTGAATTCC-3′ (reverse, SEQ ID NO:901). Each of the above genes was cloned into the CT2 promoter GUS pGI+CT2-promoter (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627). The CT2promoter::GUS plasmid were digested using the endonucleases HindIII (Roche) and dephosphorilation with Alkaline Phosphatase, shrimp (Roche).

Ligation products (see FIG. 7 for an exemplary vector) were introduced into E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies as describe previously.

Agrobacterium transformation of binary plasmids harboring the genes of interest and expression in cotton ovules—Each of the 38 binary constructs, comprising the 35S promoter upstream of each of the tested CTs genes and CT2 promoter::GFP or GUS was transformed into cotton developed ovules via Agrobacterium tumefacience transformation.

60 μl of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 competent cells (about 10⁹ cells/ml) were transformed with 20 ng of binary plasmid via electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (BioRad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (BioRad) and EC-2 electroporation program (BioRad).

Agrobacterium cells were grown on 1 ml LB+50 mg/L of Carbenicillin+50 mg/L of Rifampicillin liquid medium at 28° C. for 3 hours and 0.08 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics 50 mg/L of Carbenicillin+50 mg/L of Rifampicillin+50 mg/L of Kanamycin Plates were then incubated at 28° C. for 72 hours. Agrobacterium colonies were grown and PCR amplification was performed on Agrobacterium cells, using primers that were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for PCR amplification were for GUS:

pGI(CT2 promoter) + CT20(35S promoter) Forward, CT20_F_2 (SEQ ID NO: 902) 5′-ACGGAGTCAACTCAGAATCG-3′; and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO: 903) 5′-TGCATTATTCAAACCCTGTCTCC-3′. pGI(CT2 promoter) + CT82(35S promoter) Forward, CT82_RT_F (SEQ ID NO: 904) 5′-TCTCTAAGCGACGAAACGGGT-3′; and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2. (SEQ ID NO: 903) pGI(CT2 promoter) + expansin (SEQ ID NO. 905) (35S promoter) Forward, p35s_R (SEQ ID NO: 899) and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2. (SEQ ID NO: 903) For the GFP construct: Forward 101F, (SEQ ID NO: 869) and Reverse, GFP_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 896) 5′-CACCTTCACCCTCTCCACTG-3.′

PCR products were separated on 1% agarose gels and product sizes were determined by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas).

Agrobacterium tumefaciens—mediated transient assay for cotton balls—5 ml of Agrobacterium cultures (C58) were grown overnight from individual colonies at 28° C. in LB medium plus selective antibiotics. The next day the culture cells were recovered by centrifugation, resuspended in infiltration medium (10 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM MES, 200 μM acetosyringone, pH 5.6) to optical density=2, and incubated at room temperature with gentle agitation (20 rpm) for a minimum of 2 hours. Cultures were combined when required, collected with a syringe, and 300 μl were injected in the cotton balls by using a needle.

Agroinjection—Cotton balls (Gossypium. hirsutum cv Coker/DP&L90) at different stages of development 0, 2, 4 and 6 days post anthesis (DPA) were infiltrated (with the agrobacteria harboring the binary vector) using a 1-ml syringe with a 0.5-316-mm needle (BD Pastipak). Needle was introduced 1 to 2 mm in depth into the fruit tissue, and the infiltration solution was gently injected into the fruit. The total volume of solution injected varied with the size of the fruit, with a minimum of 0.1 ml and a maximum of 0.3 ml.

GUS staining of the cotton ovules—Leaves were fixed in 90% ice-cold acetone for 15-20 minutes (on ice), followed by removal of acetone, the tissue was rinsed with the Working Solution [25 mM Sodium Phosphate (Sigma, USA) buffer pH=7, Ferricyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Ferrocyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Triton X-100 (Sigma, USA) 0.25%, EDTA (BioLab, Israel) 0.25 mM] for 15-20 minutes (repeat twice). The rinse solution was removed, replaced with Staining solution [Working solution with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronic acid (X-GlcA, Duchefa) solubilized in N,N-Dimethylformamide (BioLab, Israel) 1.5 mg/ml and Dithiothreitol (DTT, Bio Lab) 100 mM] in dark (tubes wrapped with aluminum foil) and incubated over night at 37° C. Distaining was carried by sinking the plant tissue in 70% ethanol and heating at 50° C. for about 2 hours. Distaining step was repeated until the plant tissue became transparent except the blue stained regions. Distained plants were stored in 70% ethanol (BioLab, Israel) at room temperature.

Experimental Results

Detection of positive agroinjection using GUS—Validation of the agroinjection process was done using agroinjection of GUS under regulation of CT2 and 35S promoters at 1 and 8 DPA. After two days (3 and 10 DPA), the developed ball was picked and the ovules were GUS staining (FIGS. 4a-c ).

Analysis of cotton developed fibers—First validation of the gene detection was done using agroinjection of 2 DPA ovules with two constructs: 35S::CT20, CT2pro::GFP; 35S::expansin, CT2pro::GFP; After two days (4 DPA), the developed ball was picked and the ovules were screened for fiber analysis. In order to detect the developed fiber length, the present inventors have made a widthwise slice of about 0.2 mm. The slices were screened for GFP expression under UV light using 10× microscope lens. Positive GFP were points on positive infiltration. The developed fiber length of the positive GFP ovules was determined (in micron) using lens scale. In order to measure the effect of each of the selected gene on the fiber development, three different agroinjection flowers were used; in each flower three different ovules were measured. The fiber length measurements are summarized in Table 13, hereinbelow. From the results it is possible to see that expansin (FIG. 5c ) and CT20 (FIG. 5b ) exhibited an elongation effect on 4 DPA developed fiber as compared to control (FIG. 5a ). Quantitation of such an elongation effect is depicted in Table 13, hereinbelow.

TABLE 13 Influence of overexpression of new genes in 4 DPA developed fiber on fiber length Construct Fiber length 35S::expansin, CT2pro::GFP 12.5 35S::CT20, CT2pro::GFP 11.8 CT2pro::GFP 10.6

Using agroinjection the present inventors have demonstrated the influence of cotton genes on fiber development, and the detection of expression of reporter genes under the transcriptional control of cotton fiber promoters. Previous studies have shown that transgenic cotton lines overexpressing Expansin produce fiber of increased length (US Pat. Application No. US20040006794). This study shows that agroinjection of expansin in 4 DPA developed fiber results with an enlarged fiber length as compared to control. Elongation of the 4 DPA developed fiber was also observed by overexpression of CT20 (SEQ ID NO:881). In previous studies, the present inventors have demonstrated the possibility to use tomato seed hair as model for cotton fiber and showed that CT20 significantly elongated tomato seed hair compare to wild type (0.366±0.006 mm compare to 0.319±0.008) (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627 to the present inventors). In this study the present inventors show, for the first time, that expression of fiber developing genes such as CT20 and expasin to an already developed fibers (e.g., 2, 4 or 8 DPA) can significantly elongate cotton fibers.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.

REFERENCES Additional References Cited in Text

-   Clough S. J, and Bent A. F (1998). Floral dip: a simplified method     for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana.     Plant J. 16, 735-43. -   Curtis I. S, Davey M. R, and Power J. B. 1995. Leaf disk     transformation. Methods Mol. Biol. 44, 59-70. -   Desfeux C, Clough S. J, and Bent A. F (2000). Female reproductive     tissues are the primary target of Agrobacterium-mediated     transformation by the Arabidopsis floral-dip method. Plant Physiol.     123, 895-904. -   Goodin M M, Dietzgen R G, Schichnes D, Ruzin S, Jackson A O. pGD     vectors: versatile tools for the expression of green and red     fluorescent protein fusions in agroinfiltrated plant leaves.     Plant J. 2002 August; 31(3):375-83. -   Jefferson R A, Kavanagh T A, Bevan M W. GUS fusions:     beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker     in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987 Dec. 20; 6(13):3901-7 -   Kapila et al. 1997 Kapila J., de Rycke R., van Montagu M. and     Angenon G. (1977): “An “Agrobacterium”-mediated transient gene     expression system for intact leaves.” Plant Science 122, 101-108. -   Kim H. J, and Triplett B. A. 2001. Cotton fiber growth in planta and     in vitro. Models for plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis.     Plant Physiol. 2001 December; 127(4):1361-6. -   Meissner R, Chague V, Zhu Q, Emmanuel E, Elkind Y, Levy A. A. 2000.     Technical advance: a high throughput system for transposon tagging     and promoter trapping in tomato. Plant J. 22, 265-74. -   Orzaez D., Mirabel S., Wieland W H., Granell A. 2006; Plant     Physiology, 140: 3-11. -   Ruan Y. L, Llewellyn D. J, and Furbank R. T. 2003. Supression of     Sucrose Synthase gene expression represses cotton fiber cell     initiation, elongation and seed development. Plant Cell 15, 952-964. -   Wagner. G. J, Wang. E and Shepherd. R. W. 2004. New approaches for     studying and exploiting an old protuberance, the plant trichome.     Ann. Bot. 93, 3-11. -   Wang E, Gan S, and Wagner G. J. 2002. Isolation and characterization     of the CYP71D16 trichome-specific promoter from Nicotiana tabacum L.     J Exp Bot. 53(376):1891-7. -   Yang Y, Li R, Qi M. In vivo analysis of plant promoters and     transcription factors by agroinfiltration of tobacco leaves.     Plant J. 2000 June; 22(6):543-51. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A nucleic acid construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide set forth by SEQ ID NO: 931, and a heterologous regulatory sequence which regulates the expression of said polynucleotide sequence in a cell, wherein said heterologous regulatory sequence is set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, wherein said isolated polynucleotide is operably linked to said heterologous regulatory sequence.
 2. A transgenic cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim
 1. 3. A transgenic plant comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim
 1. 4. A method of generating a transgenic plant, comprising transforming a cell of a plant with the nucleic acid construct of claim 1, thereby generating the transgenic plant.
 5. A method of producing cotton fibers, the method comprising: (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant transformed with the nucleic acid construct of claim 1; and (b) harvesting the fibers of said transgenic cotton plant, thereby producing the cotton fibers.
 6. A method of increasing fiber length of a plant, the method comprising transforming the plant with a nucleic acid construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide set forth by SEQ ID NO:931 and a heterologous regulatory sequence which regulates the expression of said polynucleotide sequence in a cell, and wherein said isolated polynucleotide is operably linked to said heterologous regulatory sequence, thereby increasing the fiber length of the plant.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of cotton, silk cotton tree, desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, ramie, kenaf, hemp, roselle, jute, sisal abaca and flax.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said regulatory sequence is shorter than 1800 bp. 